394 



ONTOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS OF FISHES-AHLSTROM SYMPOSIUM 



Table 104. Meristic Ranges, Number of Genera, and Number of Species for the Families Placed in the Zeiformes by Greenwood et 



AL. (1966). All data are from Heemstra (1980) unless noted. 



' Bray, 1983. 



- Karrer and Eschmeyer, Ms. 



'Mead. 1957. 



' Berry. 1959a. 



> Fowler. 1934. 



•McAlhsIer. 1968. 



' Rosen, 1973. 



" Myers, 1937. 



'Quero, 1978. 



noid scales while the pelagic prejuveniles are oval in outline and 

 possess a leathery skin with distinct hardened cones or scaley 

 knobs laterally and ventrally (Myers, 1960; Eschmeyer et al., 

 1 983). This stage is exhibited by Abe and Kaji's ( 1 972) specimen 

 of Oreosoma atlanlicum (Fig. 2 1 3C). Karrer and Eschmeyer (in 

 press) report prejuveniles of Pseudocytlus as large as 100 mm 

 and suggest that metamorphosis can be delayed. In one species, 

 the transformation is incomplete and the species remains in the 

 midwater prejuvenile habitat and becomes mature there. 



In the Zeidae. only Cyttus traversi is presently known to have 

 a prejuvenile stage. This stage has a relatively much deeper body 

 than the adult, and bears long filamentous extensions with nu- 

 merous appendages from the dorsal spines and pelvic spine and 

 rays (James, 1976b: fig. 1). The prejuvenile stage occurs near 



the surface in coastal waters (James, 1976b) while specimens 

 greater than about 100 mm have been caught near the bottom 

 at depths from 200 to 800 meters (Heemstra, 1980). 



Macrurocytlus acanthopodiis was described by Fowler ( 1 934) 

 and was placed in the order Zeiformes by Greenwood et al. 

 (1966). Its small size, elongate pelvic spine, and stout dorsal 

 spine (Fig. 21 3D) array suggest that this may be a juvenile or 

 prejuvenile form, perhaps of the Zeniontidae as suggested by 

 Heemstra (1980). 



Relationships 



The present classification of the Zeiformes is based only on 

 characters of the adults. Heemstra (1980) includes five families 

 in the Zeiformes but speculates that the Grammicolepididae 



Table 105. References Giving Descriptions and/or Illustrations of Eggs, Larvae and Prejuveniles of the Order Zeiformes. 



Family 



Eggs 



Pre-juveniles 



Grammicolepididae 

 Zeidae 



Caproidae 



Oreosomatidae 



Zeniontidae 

 Parazenidae 

 Macrurocyttidae 



Sanzo, 1931b 

 Sanzo, 1956 

 Dekhnik, 1973 

 Robertson, 1975a 



Cunningham, 1889 

 Holt, 1897, 1899 

 Sanzo, 1956 

 Arbault and Boutin, 1968a 



Ehrenbaum, 1905-1909 

 Schmidt, 1908 

 Sanzo, 1931b 

 Sanzo, 1956 

 Banarescu, 1964 

 Crossland, 1982 

 Holt, 1897, 1899 

 HefTord, 1910 

 Clark, 1914 

 Fage, 1918 

 Sanzo, 1956 

 Uchida, 1936 

 Nakahara, 1962 



Smith, 1949 

 James, 1976b 



Cuvier, 1829 

 Abe, 1957 



Kobayashi et al., 1968 

 Abe and Kaji. 1972 



Fowler, 1934 



