JOHNSON: PERCOIDEI 



495 



Table 122. Continued. 



Eggs 



Prcficxion 



Postflexion 



Priacanthidae 



Pseudochromidae 



Rachycentridae 



Scatophagidae 



Sciaenidae 

 Scorpididae 

 Serranidae 

 Sillaginidae 



Siniperca 

 Sparidae 



Stereolepis 



Symphysanodon 



Terapondiae 



Leis and Rennis, 1983 

 Suzuki et al., 1980 



Leis and Rennis, 1983 

 Lubbock. 1975 

 Hardy, 1978b 



Leis and Rennis, 

 Lubbock, 1975 



1983 



Leis and Rennis, 1983 

 Hardy, 1978b 

 D. K. Caldwell, 1962 

 Aboussouan, 1969 



Leis and Rennis, 1983 



— Weber and de Beaufort, — 



1936 

 Numerous references, see Breder and Rosen, 1966; Hardy, 1978b; and Auer, 1982 



- - Hattori. 1964 

 Kendall, this volume 



Breder and Rosen, 1966 

 Ueno and Fujita, 1954 

 Uchidaet al.. 1958 



Ueno and Fujita, 1954 

 Uchidaet al., 1958 



Munro, 1945 

 Uchidaet al.. 1958 



Imai and Nakahara, 1957 

 Chyung, 1977 



Breder and Rosen, 1966 

 Johnson, 1978 

 Russell, 1976 

 Ranzi, 1933 

 Rathbun, 1893 

 Cardeilhac, 1976 

 Kuntzand Radcliffe, 1917 

 Houde and Potthoff, 1976 

 Uchidaet al., 1958 

 Fahay, 1983 

 Hussain et al., 1981 



Breder and Rosen, 1966 

 Llewellyn, 1973 

 Zvjagina, 1965b 

 Lake, 1967 



Imai and Nakahara, 

 Chyung, 1977 



1957 



Imai and Nakahara, 

 Chyung, 1977 



1957 



Johnson, 1978 

 Russell, 1976 

 Ranzi, 1933 



Kuntzand Radcliffe, 1917 

 Houde and Potthoff, 1976 

 Uchidaet al., 1958 

 Fahay, 1983 

 Kohnoet al.. 1983 

 Hussain et al., 1981 



Llewellyn, 1973 

 Uke. 1967 



Johnson, 1978 

 Russell. 1976 

 Ranzi, 1933 

 Hildebrand and Cable, 



1930 

 Kuntzand Radcliffe, 1917 

 Houde and Potthoff, 1976 

 Fahay. 1983 

 Kohnoet al.. 1983 

 Hussam et al., 1981 



Llewellyn, 1973 

 Zvjagina, 1965b 

 Uke, 1967 



Leis and Rennis, 1983 

 Hardy, 1978b 

 D. K. Caldwell, 1962 

 Fourmanoir, 1976 

 Okiyama, 1982b 

 Leis and Rennis, 1983 



Hardy, 1978b 



Dawson, 1971a 



Nair, 1952b 



Weber and de Beaufort, 1936 



Hattori, 1964 



Okiyama, 1982b 



Munro, 1945 



Uchidaet al., 1958 



Gopinath. 1946 



Okiyama, 1982b 



Imai and Nakahara, 1957 



Chyung, 1977 



Johnson, 1978 



Russell, 1976 



Ranzi, 1933 



Hildebrand and Cable, 1930 



Kuntz and Radcliffe, 1917 



Okiyama, 1982b 



Munro, 1945 



Houde and Potthoff, 1976 



Uchidaet al., 1958 



Fahay, 1983 



Kohnoet al., 1983 



Hussain et al., 1981 



Okiyama, 1982b 



Fourmanoir, 1973 



Llewellyn, 1973 



Nair, 1952b 



Munro. 1945 



Zvjagina. 1965b 



Lake, 1967 



Vatanachi, 1972 



incorrectly dismissed the significance of the larvae, which, as 

 Okiyama (1982b) pointed out, are remarkably similar and dis- 

 tinctive among the percoids. I believe the larval morphology of 

 these two groups offers conclusive evidence for a sister-group 

 relationship between them, including a synapomorphy unique 

 among percoids, and perhaps all teleosts. 



Larval malacanthids and branchiostegids (Fig. 256E, ¥), are 

 among the most elaborately ornamented in the Percoidei. They 

 share early developing spinous scales, a series of serrate ridges 

 on the frontals, and have very similar configurations of spines 

 and serrate ridges on many of the exposed bones of the head. 

 The most distinctive feature is a median rostral bony structure, 

 forming a blunt, serrate-ridged projection in Caulolatilus. Lo- 

 pholattlus and Branchiostegus. a smooth anchor-shaped projec- 

 tion in Malacanthus and a long spike-like spine with serrate 

 ridges in Hoplolatilus. Dooley (1978) stated that larvae with 

 similar rostra and head spination occur among holocentrids, 

 lutjanids, serranids and istiophorids and thai the similarity "could 



be considered as convergence or perhaps a relict characteristic 

 carried over from a common beryciform ancestor." In fact, the 

 larvae of these groups are quite different morphologically, and 

 misconceptions about their similarity apparently result from 

 superficial considerations that have often characterized earlier 

 larval descriptions. Neither larval lutjanids nor serranids have 

 rostral projections or (with the exception of some anthiin ser- 

 ranids) particularly elaborate head spination. The rostral pro- 

 jection of istiophorids is a premaxillary beak or bill, supported 

 internally by a fixed, horizontally-oriented rostral cartilage and 

 is structurally homologous to that of larval Xiphias and scom- 

 brids (except Scombrini). Although the spinous rostrum of hol- 

 ocentrids bears a strong resemblance to that of Hoplolatilus. it 

 is an entirely different structure, formed by enlargement of the 

 supraethmoid and supported by a greatly enlarged ethmoid car- 

 tilage. The median rostral projection of malacanthids and bran- 

 chiostegids has been described as an ethmoid spine (Okiyama, 

 1964, 1982b), but it actually originates from a modification of 



