KENDALL: SERRANIDAE 



503 



more intense. Pigment develops variously at the base of the 

 dorsal fin and in the membranes of the first dorsal, pelvic, and 

 anal fins. S. cabrilla has large opposing spots on the caudal 

 peduncle. 



Hypoplectrus— Reared larvae of this genus are quite different 

 from other serranines. The first dorsal and pelvic fins develop 

 early and are heavily pigmented. The head and fin membranes 

 are fleshier than in other serranines, and these larvae do not 

 possess the characteristic ventral pigment pattern. Rather, there 

 are a few spots ventral to the base of the first dorsal fin, and a 

 few blotches ventrally at the base of the pelvic fins, at the anus, 

 along the base of the anal fin, on the caudal peduncle, and at 

 the base of the middle of the caudal fin. 



Anthiinae 



This is a cohesive group of fishes that share several special- 

 izations in addition to those they hold in common with other 

 serranids. These specializations include large scales, a highly 

 arched lateral line, deep bodies and large heads, mainly 10 + 

 1 6 vertebrae, and a predorsal pattern of 0/00/2 or 0/0/2. They 

 are generally small, brightly colored reef fishes. The generic 

 alignments of many species are dubious, and a revision of the 

 group is badly needed. Most recent work, however, has focused 

 on describing new species, faunal studies, and some generic 

 revisions. 



Recent and ongoing work (Fitch, 1982; Baldwin, pers. comm.) 

 has brought out several incongruencies in generic assignments 

 of Kendall (1977, 1979). In the following summary of what is 

 known of anthiine larval morphology, generic larval types will 

 be described, with the understanding that some of the variation 

 within these may be due to species that are assigned to the genus 

 incorrectly. Alternate generic placements of species will be noted 

 as appropriate (Table 1 24). Better definitions of the genera must 

 await a worldwide revision that will include information on 

 early life history stages. Larvae of 10 of the 19 currently rec- 

 ognized anthiine genera are known to some extent (Fig. 267 and 

 Table 123). 



Plectranthias (Fig. 267a). — Randall (1980) included eight nom- 

 inal genera in this genus, but the monophyly of the included 

 species is not resolved (W. D. Anderson, Jr., pers. comm., Jan. 

 1983). Kendall (1977, 1979) described larvae of the American 

 species (P. garupellus) as having an elongate third dorsal spine, 

 opposing caudal peduncle pigment blotches as well as a blotch 

 below the center of the first dorsal fin, and no serrated head or 

 fin armature (rather the characteristic anthiine spines are thin 

 and weakly developed). The larvae showed the least develop- 

 ment of anthiine larval characters among American genera. 



Anthias (¥\%. 267c). — (includes Pronotogrammus multifasciatus 

 (see Fitch, 1982)) This is a speciose circumtropical genus that 

 has provisionally been subdivided into three subgenera (Randall 

 and Lubbock, 198 1). Larvae of several species from around the 

 world have been described. They share a number of larval char- 



Table 124. ReassionmentofSome Anthiine Larvae. Those of Ken- 

 dall (1977, 1979) reassigned by Baldwin (pers. comm.) and Kendall, 

 based on work on adults from the eastern Pacific by Fitch (1982) and 

 from the western Atlantic by Anderson and Heemstra (1980) and W. 

 D. Anderson (pers. comm.. unpublished data). Letters after most likely 

 species names refer to Baldwin (B) and Kendall (K) who recognized 

 these reassignments. 



Kendall. 1977, 1979 



Most likely species 



Figure 



Pronotogrammus 



aureoruhens 

 Pronologrammus eos 

 Anihias gordensis 



Amhias sp. Type 2 

 Hemanthias peruanus 



Hemanthias leptus—B 267f 



Hemanthias signifer— B 

 Pronotgrammiis multi- 



fascialus—K. 

 Holanthias martinicensis—B 267d 



Pronotogrammus eos— K 



acters, but there are some notable differences among the species. 

 The second or third dorsal spine is elongate and thin (the first 

 may be late forming, so the elongate spine may always be the 

 third); the first few dorsal spines and the pelvic spine are early 

 forming; the elongate dorsal spine has a pigmented sheath; the 

 preopercular and interopercular have long serrate spines; and 

 there are generally two pigment spots ventrally on the caudal 

 peduncle. There is a simple supraoccipital spine in some species 

 and a variable number of spines on a ridge above the eye. 

 Pigment, in addition to that mentioned above, varies among 

 the species and some species become fully scaled during the 

 larval stage. Whether these diflTerences in larval characters can 

 be related to the subgeneric alignment of species must await 

 further larval descriptions. Fitch (1982) synonymized the Pacific 

 Anthias (A. gordensis), whose larvae Kendall (1977, 1979) de- 

 scribed, with Pronotogrammus multifasciatus. 



Franzia. — Eggs and yolk-sac larvae of F. squamipmnis have 

 been described (Suzuki et al., 1978) but later larval stages are 

 unknown. 



Caesioperca. — Vo\xrmano\r(\916) illustrated the head and brief- 

 ly described a transforming specimen thought to belong to this 

 genus. It has a smooth supraoccipital region and no spiny ridge 

 above the eye, but has simple stout spines in the characteristic 

 position on the preopercular and interopercular. The informa- 

 tion presented is too brief for further evaluation of anthiine 

 larval characters. 



Luzonichthys. — Fourmanoir (1976) illustrated the anterior por- 

 tion and briefly described two transforming specimens of this 

 genus. These have probably lost some of their larval characters, 

 since the mouth is already subterminal and the body covered 

 with scales. The spines on the preopercular are not especially 

 elongate, but one on the interopercular is pronounced, simple, 

 and stout. Anterior dorsal fin spines appear thin and not pro- 

 duced. 



Fig. 266. Examples of serranine larvae: (A) Centropristis striata, 8.3 mm, from Kendall ( 1 979); (B) Paralabrax clathratus. 7.4 mm, from Butler 

 et al. (1982); (C) Serranicutus pumilio. 5.8 mm, from Kendall (1979); (D) Diplectrum sp., 6.1 mm, from Kendall (1979); and (E) Serranus sp., 

 5.5 mm, from Kendall (1979). 



