620 



ONTOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS OF FISHES-AHLSTROM SYMPOSIUM 



Appendix 



Characters and character states used for cladogram of scombroid fishes (Fig. 312). 1. Epibranchials. Tip of 2nd epibranchial short 

 (0, plesiomorphous); 2nd epibranchial extends over top of 3rd infraphar^ngobranchial to connect with 3rd epibranchial ( 1 , apomorphous). 

 2. Predorsal bones. Absent (1); present (0). 3. Pharyngeal tooth plate stay. Stay absent (0); stay present on 3rd pharyngeal tooth plate 

 where it contacts 4th pharyngeal tooth plate (1). 4. Dorsal fin developmental sequence. Second dorsal develops before first dorsal (1); 

 first dorsal develops before second dorsal (0). 5. Shape of premaxilla in larvae. Not beak-like (0), beak-like (1). 6. Cross-connections 

 of gill filaments. No cross-connections (0); cross-connections present (1). 7. Number of epurals. Three (0); two(l). 8. Number of vertebrae 

 supporting caudal fin. Two (0); 3-4 (I). 9. Infraorbital bones. Not expanded into large plates (0); expanded mto large plates (1). 10. 

 Subocular shelf Present (0); absent (1). 11. Mid-lateral keel on caudal peduncle. Absent (0); present (1). 12. Pair of small keels at base 

 of caudal fin. Absent (0); present (1). 13. Bill. Absent (0); present (1). 14. Extension of caudal fin rays over hypural plate. Not overlapping 

 or slightly overlapping plate (0); completely covering plate (1). 15. Anterior end of infraorbital bone. Not tubular (0); tubular (1). 16. 

 Bony keels on caudal peduncular vertebrae. Absent (0); present (1). 17. Bony caudal peduncle keels. Poorly or irregularly developed 

 (0); well-developed, forming a wide plate (1). 18. Inner row of premaxillary teeth. Additional row of teeth present on antero-medial 

 end of premaxilla (1); single row of premaxillary teeth (0). 19. Prolrusability of premaxilla. Upper jaw protrusible, premaxilla free from 

 maxilla (0); premaxilla anchored to maxilla (1). 20. Number of ossifications in last dorsal and anal pterygiophores. A single ossification 

 (0); two ossifications ( 1 ). 2 1 . Relationship of second dorsal fin pterygiophores to neural spines. Relationship 2: 1 (0); 1:1(1)22. Corselet. 

 Absent (0); present (1). 23. Subcutaneous vascular system. Absent (0); present (1). 24. Fronto-panetal fenestra. Absent (0); present (1). 

 25. Tooth shape. Conical (0); compressed (1). 26. Prootic pits (on ventral surface of skull). Absent (0); present (1). 27. Vertebral trellis 

 work. Absent (0); present (1). 28. Joint between first and second infraorbital bones. Simple contact (0). tightly bound (1). 29. Number 

 of vertebrae. Moderate numbers, 30-31 (1); few, 24-26 (0); many, 35-170 (2). 30. Number of uroneurals in adult. Two (0); one (1). 

 31. Fusion of uroneural to urostyle. No fusion (0); fused (1). 32. Fusion of upper hypural bones. Hypurals 3, 4, and 5 separate (0); 3 

 and 4 fused ( 1 ); 3, 4, and 5 fused (2). 33. Notch in hypural plate. Large (0); small ( 1 ); absent (2). 34. Fusion of upper and lower hypural 

 plates. Not fused (0); fused (1). 35. Fusion of lower hypural bones. Hypurals 1 and 2 separate (0); fused (1). 36. Fusion of parahypural 

 to hypural plate. Separate (0); fused (1). 37. Number of autogenous haemal spines. Two (0); one (I). 38. Tips of neural and haemal 

 spines of preural vertebra 4. Tips of both flattened (2); tip of one flattened (1); tips not flattened (0). 39. Number of pectoral fin rays. 

 17-19 (1, plesiomorphous); 10-17 (0, apomorphous); and along another transition series to 17-23 (2), 20-27 (3), 25-29 (4), and 30- 

 36 (5). 40. Tongue teeth. None fused to glossohyal (0); two patches fused to glossohyal (1). 



(B.B,C, AND J.L.R.) National Marine Fisheries Service, Na- 

 tional Systematics Laboratory, National Museum of 

 Natural History, Washington, District of Columbia 

 20560; (T.P. and W.J.R.) National Marine Fisheries Ser- 

 vice, Southeast Fisheries Center, 75 Virginia Beach 



Drive, Miami, Florida 33149; (S.U.) Faculty of Marine 

 Science and Technology, Tokai University, 3-20-1 

 Orido, Shimizu-Shi, 424, Japan; (Y.N.) Far Seas Fishery 

 Research Laboratory, Fisheries Agency, 1000 Orido, 

 Shimizu-Shi, Japan, 



Stromateoidei: Development and Relationships 

 M. H. Horn 



THE Stromateoidei is a suborder of perciform fishes com- 

 posed of six families, 16 genera and approximately 65 

 species. These fishes form a reasonably well-defined group that, 

 with one exception, is characterized by toothed saccular out- 

 growths in the alimentary tract immediately posterior to the last 

 gill arch. All species have small uniserial teeth in the jaws. 



Stromateoids are marine fishes of temperate and tropical lat- 

 itudes and range from inshore coastal waters to the open ocean 

 and from pelagic (primarily) to demersal habitats. Of the 16 

 stromateoid genera, eight are exclusively oceanic, two are mixed 

 coastal and oceanic and six are exclusively coastal (Table 162). 

 Although several coastal species are locally abundant and com- 

 mercially important, oceanic stromateoids tend to be rare and 

 sporadic in occurrence. Juveniles commonly associate with an- 

 imate or inanimate floating objects in the surface layers of the 

 ocean. 



Since the completion of Haedrich's (1967) comprehensive 

 review of the stromateoid fishes, several taxonomically-oriented 

 studies have been conducted. These works include descriptions 

 of a new monotypic family (Haedrich, 1 969) and four new species 



(Haedrich, 1970; Horn, 1970b; Chirichigno, 1973; McAllister 

 and Randall, 1975), generic reviews or revisions (Horn, 1970b, 

 1973; Butler, 1979), regional reviews of certain centrolophid 

 taxa (Stehmann and Lenz, 1973; McDowall, 1982) and an ex- 

 tensive account of the early life history stages of pelagic stro- 

 mateoids (Ahlstrom et al., 1976). The present paper, which 

 includes a phylogenetic analysis of stromateoid genera, draws 

 heavily upon information in Haedrich ( 1967) and Ahlstrom et 

 al. (1976). 



Development 



Eggs 



The eggs of approximately 14 species representing six genera 

 and four families of stromateoids have been described (Table 

 163). Stromateoid eggs typically are relatively small (0.70-1.80 

 mm in diameter), pelagic, separate and spherical. They have 

 unsculptured surfaces, unsegmented yolks and single oil glob- 

 ules. The few distinctive features of the eggs limit their value 

 as a source of taxonomic characters. 



