AHLSTROM ET AL.; PLEURONECTIFORMES 



653 



Fig. 346. Larvae of Bothidae. (A) Trichopselta vcntralis. 21.9 mm, from Evseenko. 1982a; (B) Engyophrys senla. 12.3 mm. from Hensley. 

 1977; (C) Taeniopsetla oceltala. 59.0 mm, from Amaoka, 1970; (D) Monolene sessiticauda. 14.3 mm, redrawn from Futch, 1971; (E) Psettina 

 hamancnsis. 4.2 mm, from Pertseva-Ostroumova, 1965; (F) P. hamanensis. 18.1 mm. ibid. 



loniits lack elongate pelvic rays. The first three pelvic rays be- 

 come markedly elongate in Cyclopsetta and the entire left fin 

 becomes moderately elongate in Syacium. 



Eiropus and Citharichthys (except for C. arctifrons) develop 

 one or more rows of small preopercular spines. According to 

 Tucker (1982), small frontal-sphenotic spines are present in 

 some species of Cithanchlhys and Etropus (6-8 spines on each 

 side in C. conmtus. up to 6 in C. gymnorhinus. 1-2 m C. spi- 

 lopterus, and 3-4 in E. crossotus). Syacium and Cyclopsetta 

 develop a series of large preopercular spines at the margin of 

 the bone and, in some species, an irregular anterior series. The 



spine at the angle of the primary series becomes antler-like in 

 preflexion larvae of Syacium and in postflexion larvae of Cy- 

 clopsetta. Early preflexion larvae of Syacium develop single 

 elongate sphenotic spines which remain prominent during the 

 remainder of the larval period. Sphenotic spines in Cyclopsetta 

 are early-forming but short. 



Larvae of both subgroups of the Cyclopsetta assemblage typ- 

 ically have pigment above the brain, on the lower head region, 

 below the gut, lateral to the posterior region of the gut, and 

 above the gas bladder. Early preflexion larvae of most species 

 have a series of small postanal melanophores and a bar or a 



