CONTENTS xiii 



CHAPTER PAGE 



XXIII. DESCENT WITH CHANGE 349 



A. Evidences of Organic Evolution 351 



1. Classification 352 



2. Comparative Anatomy 354 



3. Paleontology 358 



4. Embryology 364 



5. Physiology 366 



6. Distribution 368 



B. Factors of Organic Evolution 373 



1. Lamarckism 373 



2. Darwinism 374 



3. Genetics and Evolution 377 



Selection 378 



Method of Evolution 382 



XXIV. BIOLOGY AND HUMAN WELFARE 386 



A. Medicine 389 



1. Microorganisms and Disease 389 



Malaria 392 



Yellow Fever 393 



Syphilis 394 



2. Parasitic Worms 396 



Trematodes 396 



Cestodes 398 



Nematodes 400 



3. Health and Wealth 401 



B. Biology and Agriculture 403 



1. Plant and Animal Food 403 



2. Insects Injurious to Animals 405 



3. Insects Injurious to Plants 408 



4. Beneficial Insects 413 



C. Conservation of Natural Resources 417 



D. Constructive Biology 420 



XXV. THE HUMAN BACKGROUND 426 



A. The Prehuman Lineage 426 



B. Fossil Man 431 



1. Java Man 432 



2. Peking Man 433 



3. Piltdown Man 433 



4. Heidelberg Man 434 



5. Neanderthal Man 435 



6. Cro-Magnon Man 436 



C. Cultural Development 437 



1. Paleolithic Culture 438 



2. Mesolithic Culture 441 



3. Neolithic Culture 442 



4. Age of Metals 444 



XXVI. DEVELOPMENT OF BIOLOGY 446 



A. Greek and Roman Science 446 



B. Medieval and Renaissance Science 419 



