438 ANIMAL BIOLOGY 



bituation. Man created culture, and culture created Man. But, of 

 course, the biological basis constitutes the foundations upon 

 which the cultural superstructure rests — Man cannot get away 

 from Nature. Various culture patterns are impressed upon the indi- 

 vidual as habits of thought and action and this social conditioning 

 demands a complex organism with the ability to make environ- 

 mental adaptations. 



Animals in general exhibit various biosocial reactions, such as 

 the group life of Bees and Ants or the simple family life of the 

 anthropoid Apes, that are inherited from generation to generation 

 and are the outcome of evolution. But upon the hereditary biosocial 

 endowment of actions and reactions, Man has superimposed proc- 

 esses of a cultural order that are acquired in each generation by 

 the continuity of so-called group conditioning; i.e., habits of body 

 and mind are impressed upon the young by the elders. Although 

 these cultural processes are an addition to, and are dependent upon 

 the hereditary biosocial endowment, they are something more 

 than merely an elaboration of it. They are essentially untramelled 

 by the limitations of the slow process of organic evolution that is 

 dependent upon germinal variations and natural selection. Thus 

 the cultural aspect of human nature can and does forge ahead in 

 so far as the physical and mental heritage is adequate to meet the 

 emergency. 



1. Paleolithic Culture 



Most of the specimens of prehistoric man have been found in 

 Europe and this holds true also for the evidences of his culture, 

 so our attention may be confined to this region where the chro- 

 nology has been worked out most thoroughly. 



The first artifacts appear in the Pliocene epoch or very early in 

 the Pleistocene epoch of periodic glaciation, and consist of small 

 chips of flint known as eoliths, or 'dawn stones,' that obviously 

 have been crudely shaped by man. This culture is evidence of the 

 exceedingly slow dawning of human mental life because it persisted 

 with little improvement for not less than several hundred thousand 

 years. It apparently represents the cultural scale of the Peking and 

 Piltdown men and possibly also of Heidelberg man. However, as 

 time passes we find that the artifacts increase in variety of form 

 and nicety of manufacture, and the so-called Paleolithic culture 

 emerges. There are cleavers, axes, scrapers, drills, etc., some of 



