440 



ANIMAL BIOLOGY 



Apparently chipping flint tools and hunting demanded all the en- 

 ergy and ability of the Neanderthals until they were superseded 

 by the Cro-Magnons. 



A wave of migration from Asia brought the Cro-Magnons to 

 western Europe where they met and to some extent mingled with 

 the Neanderthals, but to the eventual extinction of the latter. 

 Clearly it was the survival of the fit for the Cro-Magnon was es- 

 sentially like modern man both physically and mentally, and "the 



Fig. 285. - Harpoons of reindeer horn from France and Switzerland. Late 

 Paleolithic Period. (From MacCurdy, after Breuil.) 



characters of their crania reflect their moral and spiritual poten- 

 tialities." It was a race of hunters and warriors, of sculptors and 

 painters that lived at the close of the long glacial epoch, some 

 fifty thousand years ago. 



The marked line of cleavage between the Neanderthal and Cro- 

 Magnon cultures is attested by a newly developed kit of tools. No 

 longer are the implements confined to such as can be fashioned 

 merely by chipping, but include, for example, the harpoon of rein- 

 deer horn, the flat bone point with cleft base, the needle of bone or 

 ivory, the dart thrower, and the flint scratchers, knives, and gravers. 



