460 



ANIMAL BIOLOGY 



laws; and for good reason. Chemistry had not yet thrown off the 

 shackles of alchemy and taken its legitimate place among the elect 

 sciences, while during Harvey's lifetime, under the influence of 

 Galileo, the new physics was born. But by the end of the seven- 

 teenth century both physics and chemistry had forced their way 

 into physiology and split it into two schools. The physical school 

 was founded by Borelli (1608-1679) of Italy, who, employing 

 incisive physical methods, attacked a series of problems with 

 brilliant results; while the chemical school developed from the 





Fig. 299. 



Louis Agassiz. 



influence of Franciscus Sylvius (1614-1672) of Holland as a 

 teacher rather than as an investigator. 



This awakening brought a host of workers into the field and 

 the harvest of the century was garnered and enriched by Hauler 

 (1708-1777) of Geneva. In a comprehensive treatise which at 

 once indicated the breadth of view and critical judgment of its 

 author, Haller established physiology as a distinct and important 

 branch of biological science. It was no longer a mere adjunct of 

 medicine. Perhaps the most significant advance in Haller's cen- 

 tury consisted in setting the physiology of nutrition and of res- 

 piration — both of which awaited the work of the chemists — well 

 upon the way toward their modern form. (Fig. 300.) 



Reaumur (1683-1757) of Paris and Spallanzani (1729-1799) of 

 Pa via may be singled out for their exact studies of gastric digestion, 



