HOI.L CALL ,lj 



Class III — Aves — Birds. 



Characteristics: Typically featliered and toothless; \varm-l)Ioo(lo(l. 



Subclass A — Archaeornithes — Fossil birds (Archaeopteryx). 



Characteristics: Ancient re[)tilelike fossil birds; only three specimens of 

 a single genus (Archaeopteryx) are known. 



Subclass B — Neornithes — Recent birds. 



Characteristics: Mostly composed of birds which are represented by 

 living forms; 21 orders. 

 Order 1 — Hesperornithiformes — (Hesperornis). 



Characteristics : Fossil, toothed birds from America ; teetli set in a groove. 

 Order 2 — Ichthyornithiformes — {I chthyornis) . 



Characteristics : Fossil, toothed birds from America, whose teeth are set 

 in sockets. 

 Order 3 — Struthioniformes — Ostriches (Stridhio). 



Characteristics : Naked head, neck, and legs ; flightless, terrestrial forms ; 

 feet with two toes; no keel on breastbone {sternum). 

 Order 4 — Rheiformes — Rheas (Rhea). 



Characteristics : Distinguished from preceding order by a partially feath- 

 ered head and neck; flightless terrestrial birds, with three-toed feet; 

 feathers without aftershaft. 

 Order 5 — Casuariiformes — Cassowaries and emus (Dromalus). 



Characteristics: Terrestrial, flightless birds, possessing small wings; 

 feathers with large aftershaft. 

 Order 6 — Crypturiformes — Tinamous (Rhynchotus) . 



Characteristics : Flying, terrestrial birds, with a short tail ; no pygostyle. 

 Order 7 — Dinornithiformes — Moas (Palapteryx). 



Characteristics : Recently extinct, flightless, terrestrial birds, with large 

 hind limbs ; wing bones absent. 

 Order 8 — Aepyornithiformes — Elephant birds (Aepyornis). 



Characteristics: Extinct terrestrial flightless birds with large hind limbs; 

 small sternum and wings ; large eggs. 

 Order 9 — Apterygiformes — Kiwis (Apteryx). 



Characteristics: Small flightless terrestrial birds; hairlike feathers with- 

 out aftershaft. 

 Order 10 — Sphenisciform.es — Penguins (Eudyptes). 



Characteristics: Marine antarctic birds, incapable of flight, with small 

 scalelike feathers; wings modified as paddles for swimming. 

 Order 11 — Colymbiformes — Loons and grebes (Gavia, Podiceps). 



Characteristics : Aquatic birds with feet far back with webbed or lobed toes. 

 Order 12 — Procellariiformes — Albatrosses and petrels (Diomedea, Hydrobates). 

 Characteristics : Marine birds with great powers of flight ; webbed toes ; 

 bill sheath of several pieces. 

 Order 13 — Ciconiiformes — Storks, birds, pelicans, cormorants, snake-birds, 

 herons, ibises, and flamingos (Phalacrocorax, Ardea, Phoetncoptcru.f). 

 Characteristics: Long-legged aquatic marsh birds with feet adapted for 

 wading. 



