THE ANIMAL, MAN (ANTHROPOLOGY) 557 



one hundred and ten feet of cave deposits, together with representa- 

 tives of the early Pleistocene fauna, vouches for her very remote origin, 

 although anthropologists are not yet completely agreed as to the 

 probable time when she lived. This fossil is the first discovered 

 evidence, accompanied with definite geological data, of the existence 

 of early Pleistocene man north of the Himalayas. 



The Meander thaler s 



Coming down to times extending from approximately 100,000 b.c. 

 to 30,000 B.C., there is ample and convincing fossil evidence of the 

 existence of a peculiar race of cave-dwellers, principally scattered 

 over what is now Europe, that were enough unlike modern man to 

 be placed in a separate species by themselves. This is the species of 

 Homo neanderthalensis, of which over a score of authentic specimens, 

 more or less complete, have been found and critically described. 

 They had brains and brawn enough to have lived somehow through 

 the strenuous grisly days of the later ice ages, along with mammoths, 

 woolly rhinoceroses, cave-bears, cave-hyenas, and other such ancient 

 companions. The Neanderthalers made flint instruments and knew 

 the use of fire. Sometimes they even buried their dead, and occa- 

 sionally they disposed of them in cannibalistic feasts, as revealed 

 by broken and charred bones. Those were the "good old days" ! 



Wild Horse Hunters 



Following the Neanderthalers, and perhaps instrumental in their 

 final disappearance, came two other races of mankind, the Aurigna- 

 cians and the Crdmagnons, who likewise dwelt in caves. No one 

 yet knows whence they came, but there is plenty of evidence, fossil 

 and otherwise, that they invaded Europe, eventually replacing the 

 Neanderthalers then living there. No anatomical reason appears 

 for placing these two races in different zoological species from that 

 of modern man, namely, Homo sapiens. The Aurignacians were 

 hunters of mammoths and wild horses, that in their day roamed 

 over what is now Europe. Living some 30,000 years ago, they made 

 enduring pictures of considerable artistic merit upon the walls of 

 the caverns which they frequented, dei^icting principally the animals 

 which they hunted. Many of these drawings, fortunately sheltered 

 from the devastating tooth of time, are still preserved today. 



