THE ANIMAL, MAN (ANTHROPOLOGY) 559 



Reindeer Hunters 



The Cromagnons were likewise hunters, cave-dwellers, and artists. 

 The animals they drew were largely reindeer rather than wild horses, 

 showing that the climate where they lived had become cold in their 

 day, because the reindeer inhabits only cold regions. Fossil remains 

 show that the Cromagnons were physically a well-developed race, 

 and it is generally believed that they were the immediate ancestors 

 of modern man. They emerged from the last ice age, and can be 

 traced down to about 10,000 b.c, when gradual emancipation from 

 cave life and the beginnings of agriculture had their origin. Both 

 Aurignacians and Cromagnons were expert flint workers. 



Human landmarks throughout the Pleistocene period are roughly 

 indicated on the chart on page 560. The beaded line, in which 

 each interval between the beads represents 1000 years, is drawn 

 folded up like an accordion, in order to accommodate the diagram 

 to a single page, with the last 10,000 years laid down horizontally 

 at the right. To obtain a proper appreciation of the lapse of time 

 in which man, although one of the most recent animals to occupy 

 the earth, is involved, the entire beaded line, in imagination, should 

 be pulled out straight. 



Races 



Anthropologists agree that, zoologically speaking, modern man 

 constitutes a single species, called Homo sapiens, although it has 

 been definitely established that, during the Pleistocene period, other 

 species of human beings, now extinct, existed. It is obvious, how- 

 ever, that Homo sapiens today is made up not only of varying 

 individuals, no two of which are alike, but of fairly well defined 

 diverse groups of human beings, which correspond to what biologists 

 designate among animals as different breeds. These groups in the 

 case of mankind are called races. 



The science of Ethnology is concerned with sorting out different 

 races by means of an analysis of their several characteristics, besides 

 tracing the origins of races, and mapping the migrations and dis- 

 persals from points of origin, through which man has come to occupy 

 practically the entire earth. 



There is considerable unavoidable confusion in defining just what 

 is included in a particular race of human beings, because racial classi- 

 fications may be based upon either geographical, linguistic, political, 

 cultural, or religious standards, as well as upon biological criteria. 



