564 



THE CHANGING WORLD 



may be derived. They are cephalic, cephaHc-facial, facial, and nasal 

 indices. To these measurements he adds a list of nine easy ohserva- 

 tions which it is desirable to make in order to supplement the indices, 

 and from this small array of fundamental data "we have a key to the 

 relationship of racial groups in any part of the world." 



In making the measurements for these indices it is necessary to 

 locate eight landmarks on the head, which are shown in the diagram. 

 The measurements are not 

 difficult to make, if one 

 is supplied with calipers, 

 such as are illustrated. 

 The nine observations 

 recommended are to de- 

 termine skin color, hair 

 color, hair form, eye color, 

 the presence or absence 

 of the epicanthic fold in 

 the inner angle of the 

 eye, thickness of the lips, 

 character of incisor teeth, 

 amount of beard natu- 

 rally present, and the 

 degree of hairiness of the 



body. While many other measurements and observations are fre- 

 quently made by scientists with particular ends in view, these six 

 essential dimensions, and the ratios derived from them, together with 

 the nine supplementary determinations by observation, are regarded 

 as a minimum sufficient to furnish a definite racial picture. 



The satisfaction of human curiosity in such matters as obtaining 

 anthropological data was not always regarded as a commendable 

 pursuit. Professor Hooton points out that an Act of Queen Eliza- 

 beth (1579-1598) declared all persons "fayning to have a knowledge 

 of Phisiognomie or like Fantasticall Ymaginaccions " were liable 

 "to be stripped naked from the middle upward and openly whipped 

 untill his body be bloudye." Thus were the beginnings of scientific 

 endeavor penalized in the days of Shakespeare and good Queen Bess ! 



The Biological Garden of Eden 



Among the unsolved riddles that engage the anthropologist is the 

 question of the actual time and place of human origin. One of the 



Spreading calipers as they are held while being 



used. 



