144 WHAT IS LIFE 



described in definite units of measurements that 

 always have the same value, (e, a variable, equals vh.) 



2. The differences because of the dual organiza- 

 tion: 



(a) The differences due to the difference between 

 the pattern of the nuclei of the atoms and the pattern 

 of the combination of electrons into the Z-system. 



(6) The differences due to the interrelations be- 

 tween the Z-system and the Y-system, and the 

 dominance of the Z-system. 



These differences give to the dual-system different 

 energy contents, different kinetic energy, and differ- 

 ent mechanics, from those of a system constituted 

 only of chemical atoms and ions. 



These differences constitute a general complicating 

 factor in all evaluations of the energy of the dual- 

 system. Thus chemistry, when the chemistry of the 

 dual-system is concerned, becomes chemistry modi- 

 fied by the Z-f actors; physical chemistry and physics 

 are modified in the same way. 



The general peculiarities belonging exclusively to 

 the Z-system obviously are not definable in the terms 

 that are descriptive of the properties of the com- 

 bination of atoms into material systems, and — in 

 a class by themselves — plainly require a science of 

 their own, a new science, to describe them. 



Any one familiar with the data that have been 



