ARBORICULTURE. 359 



by the bark of the young tree wholly or partially, which causes 

 blemish and unsoundness in the timber, as well as obstruction to 

 its prosperous growth. The stumps of coppice stools should, 

 therefore, be cut near to the surface of the ground, and the face 

 of the stubs as level and free from fractures as can be. The kinds 

 of trees most profitable for coppice produce are those which 

 possess the reproductive power in the highest degree ; these were 

 before enumerated. It may be necessary here to observe that 

 the non-reproductive trees, such as all the pine and fir tribes, are 

 unfit for the purposes of coppice. The shoot, or tiller, being 

 selected with due attention to these essential points, all other 

 shoots belonging to the parent stool should be cut away close to 

 the root. The young tree should then receive the same treatment 

 as other trees reared by seed or transplanting. 



Simple plantations consist of one or two species of trees only ; 

 mixed plantations of many different species. The latter, on 

 suitable soils, are the most profitable ; they afford an earlier, 

 more permanent, and a larger return for capital than simple 

 plantations. The judicious arrangement of the different forest 

 trees, not only promotes the greatest returns of profit from the 

 plantations, but likewise effects the highest embellishment to the 

 estate and surrounding country. 



Shelter in winter and shade in summer are also important 

 points. Evergreen trees, and such deciduous ones as retain their 

 leaves to a later period of the year (the beech, and some varieties 

 of the oak) afford much greater shelter in winter and in early 

 spring, when it is most wanted, than those which lose their leaves 

 early in autumn, and should, therefore, be planted wherever 

 shelter is most desired. Shade is best afforded by trees which, 

 rising with naked stems to a certain height, afterwards send out 

 an extended series of branches, as the oak, beech, chesnut and 

 elm, which can be readily trained to that state by pruning, and 

 their spreading branches and umbrageous foliage are highly 

 superior for this intention than those of the ash, sycamore, 

 plane, etc. 



Although mixed planting, as just now observed, is the most 

 profitable, and, under skilful massing and grouping, the most 



