30 The Universe and Life 



does, in fact, occur when there are certain combina- 

 tions of particles and vibrations ; and to use that ex- 

 perienced fact, so discovered, in later predictions. 



And what is true for red is true for other sensations 

 and feelings ; for mental experiences in general. Each 

 type is discovered by direct experience. None is 

 originally discoverable by computation or reasoning 

 from antecedently existing arrangements, velocities 

 and directions of particles, and wave lengths of vibra- 

 tions. All come into existence as certain combinations 

 of the physical constituents of the universe are 

 formed. 



We have here one of the great fundamentals that 

 is discovered by the examination of biological ma- 

 terial. The universe is not given complete, once for 

 all. As time passes and conditions change, new, logi- 

 cally ultimate things come into existence ; things that 

 are discovered only by experiencing them, and that 

 could not be predicted from what has gone before.^ 

 Development, as it occurs, includes the production of 

 what is in a real sense new. Sensations, emotions, 



1 Well-known works dealing with the view that new and ultimate 

 phenomena arise in the process of evolution are: H. Bergson, Crea- 

 tive Evolution (New York, 1911) ; C. Lloyd Morgan, Emergent 

 Evolution (New York, 1926) and Life, Mind and Spirit (London, 

 1926); A. O. Lovejoy, The Discontinuities of Evolution, in the 

 "University of California Publications in Philosophy," V, 173-220; 

 W. E. Ritter, The Unity of the Organism, or the Organismal Con- 

 ception of Life (Boston, 1919). A worth-while critical discussion of 

 such doctrines is found in William McDougall's Modern Material- 

 ism and Emergent Evolution (New York, 1929). The subject was 

 discussed by the present author in the last chapter of his book The 

 Biological Basis of Human Nature (New York, 1930). 





