The Management or Life 69 



relations to which the individuals react in the way of 

 selection or rejection. 



All this is reflected in the inner experiences of the 

 organisms; in sensations, emotions; at higher levels, 

 in knowledge and thought. In connection with the 

 reactions that tend to avoid destruction, that tend to 

 preserve life, there arise special sensations and emo- 

 tions : pain, fear of that which harms ; pleasure, de- 

 sire for that which benefits. There comes to be a love 

 of life, a fear of death. These are universal and char- 

 acteristic features in such living things as have 

 reached a certain height of development. Animals 

 cling strongly to the experiences of life. They resist 

 strongly such influences as tend toward Hf e's disinte- 

 gration. There is a joy of living ; a regret, a terror, at 

 ceasing to live. These are among the ultimate facts ; 

 they are among the things that are known merely 

 because they are discovered by experience. And they 

 are fundamental things for our understanding of 

 life and for our own attitudes toward the universe, 

 because we are ourselves typical representatives of 

 life. The inner or mental life of the organism comes 

 to consist largely in determining what to do that 

 will promote life, what to do that will add to its ful- 

 ness, its variety, its adequacy, and its continuance; 

 and conversely, in determining what to avoid, what 

 to oppose, that will injure or destroy life. 



These are the experiences that lie at the founda- 

 tion of our concepts of values, our ideas of right and 

 wrong, and other related notions that imply prefer- 

 ence. That which promotes the fulness and adequacy 



