Kingdo7n Mychota [21 



in the course of further studies of the disease, he contracted it and died. Stanislas 

 Prowazek, called into the Austrian military medical service in 1914, began to study 

 typhus, which is transmitted by lice; observed similar intracellular bodies; contracted 

 typhus, and died in February, 1915 (Hartmann, 1915). The cause of Rocky Mountain 

 spotted fever is Rickettsia Rickettsii, and that of typhus. is R. Prowazekii. Several 

 other species are known. By serological methods, Anigstein (1927) showed that 

 R. Melophagi is closely related to Corynebacterium. 



In cases of the disease of the west slope of the Andes called verruga peruana, 

 Oroya Fever, or Carrion's disease, there occur intracellular bodies named Bartonella 

 bacillijormis. Noguchi and others (192H) completed the demonstration that the 

 disease is transmitted by biting flies of the genus Phlebotoyniis. Good authority has 

 construed Bartonella as a sporozoan. 



Students of flagellates, Sarkodina, and Infusoria have occasionally observed in 

 the cytoplasm or nuclei of these organisms minute bodies multiplying to form consid- 

 erable masses. These parasites have generally been construed as chytrids, but have 

 little in common with proper chytrids. The genus Caryococcus Dangeard includes at 

 least a part of them. 



Family 5. Kurthiacea, fam. nov. Gram positive peritrichous rods, not producing 

 endospores. Kurthia, harmless; Listeria Pirie ex Murray in Bergey's Manual 6th ed. 

 408 (1948), pathogenic in sheep and man. 



Family 6. BaciUacea [Bacillacei] Fischer in Jahrb. wiss. Bot. 27: 139 (1895). 

 The spore-forming rods, always Gram positive, mostly peritrichous, very numerous in 

 species, common, and important. 



Bacillus Cohn 1872, is one of the oldest generic names of rod-shaped bacteria 

 which can be definitely applied: it can be definitely applied because the type species 



B. subtilis was so described as to be recognizable. The genus has been used to include 

 rods in general or at random. Defined as aerobic spore-formers, as proposed by 

 Buchanan, 1917, it is a thoroughly natural group. As treated in the fifth edition of 

 Bergey's Manual, it included nearly 150 duly distinguished species; in the sixth 

 edition, this number is cut to thirty-three. The great majority are saprophytic. Ex- 

 ceptions, important pathogens, are B. anthracis; and B. alvei and other species causing 

 foulbrood of bees. 



The anaerobic spore-formers constitute the genus Clostridium. The type species 

 wa? discovered and named three times in different connections. As an anaerobe 

 involved in the fermentations which give butter its flavor, it is C. butyricum Prazmow- 

 ski. As an organisms whose cells contain granules staining like starch, it is Bacillus 

 Amylobacter van Tieghem. It has the property of fixing nitrogen; discovered in this 

 capacity by Winogradsky (1902) it was named C. Pastorianum. The species of 

 Clostridium, as of Bacillus, are numerous. They are primarily saprophytic, but many 

 species produce powerful toxins and are serious pathogens. Examples are C. tetani; 



C. botulinum; and C. septicum and a whole roll of other species, causing various 

 forms of gangrene, occasion for the study and distinction of which was found during 

 World War I. 



Family 7. Achromobacteriacea [Achromobacteriaceae] Breed 1945. Family Bac- 

 teriaceae McNab in Jour, of Bot. 15: 340 (1877), based on a generic name which 

 must be abandoned as a nomen conjusum. Family Enterobacteriaceae Rahn 1937, not 

 based on a generic name. Gram negative rods which lack the dictinctive characters 

 of the families subsequently to be treated. 



