Chapter VII 

 PHYLUM PYRRHOPHYTA 



Phylum 3. PYRRHOPHYTA Pascher 



Order Astoma Siebold in Siebold and Stannius Lehrb. vergl. Anat. 1: 10 (1848). 



Order Phytozoidea Perty Kennt. kleinst. Lebensf. 161 (1852). 



Flagellata Cohn in Zeit. wiss. Zool. 4: 275 (1853). 



Orders Flagellata and Cilio-flagellata Claparede and Lachmann Etudes Infus. 



1: 73 (1858). 

 Suborder Mastigophora Diesing in Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wein Math. -Nat. CI. 



52, Abt. 1: 294 (1866). 

 Stdmme Flagellata and Noctilucae Haeckel Gen. Morph. 2: xxv, xxvi (1866). 

 Class Flagellata Kent Man. Inf. 1: 27, 211 (1880). 

 Class Mastigophora and orders Flagellata, Dinoflagellata, and Cystoflagellata 



Butschli in Bronn Kl. u. Ord. Thierreichs 1, Abt. 2, Inhalt (1887). 

 Class Peridineae Wettstein Handb. syst. Bot. 1: 71 (1901). 

 Divisions Flagellatae and Dinoflagellatae Engler Syllab. ed. 3: 6, 8 (1903). 

 Pyrrhophyta, Eugleninae, and Chloromonadinae Pascher in Ber. deutschen Bot. 



Gess. 32: 158 (1914). 

 Stdmme Pyrrhophyta and Euglenophyta, and Abteilungen Cryptophyceae, Des- 

 mokontae, and Dinophyceae, Pascher in Beih. bot. Centralbl. 48, Abt. 2: 325, 

 326 (1931). 

 Division Pyrrhophyta G. M. Smith Freshw. Algae 10 (1933). 

 Protistes trichocystiferes ou progastreades Chadefaud in Ann. Protistol. 5: 323 



(1936). 

 Phyla Pyrrhophycophyta and Euglenophycophyta Papenfuss in Bull. Torrey Bot. 



Club 73: 218 (1946). 

 Unicellular or colonial organisms, typically with brown or green plastids, flagel- 

 late, the flagella solitary or more than one and unequal, the cells marked by grooves 

 or pits and sometimes containing trichocysts, i. e., minute structures which lie close 

 to the cell membrane and eject thread-like bodies when stimulated. 



The organisms included here are the ones conventionally treated as four orders of 

 pigmented flagellates, cryptomonads, dinoflagellates, euglenids, and chloromonads. 

 These groups include organisms of the same varied body types, algal, amoeboid, and 

 chytrid, that occur in other groups in which the flagellate body type is construed 

 as typical. Peridinium may be considered to be the type of the phylum. 



Deflandre (1934) designated as stichoneme [stichonemate) the type of flagcllum 

 which bears a single file of appendages, and which had been discovered by Fischer 

 (1894) in Euglena. Petersen (1929) reobserved the stichoneme flagellum of Etiglena, 

 and found it also in other euglenids, Phacus and Trachelomonas. Deflandre found 

 that one flagellum is stichoneme in various further euglenids (but not in all), and 

 also in the dinoflagcllate Glenodinium. This is the only report of a stichoneme flagel- 

 lum outside of the euglenid group. The fine structure of the flagella of cryptomonads 

 and chloromonads has not been determined. 



In some cryptomonads, as Chilomonas, the cells contain granules which stain 

 blue with iodine; if these are not starch, one knows not what to call them. Dino- 

 flagellates produce a so-called starch which gives a reddish color with iodine, and 

 many of them have walls of a so-called cellulose which gives a reddish color with 



