Phylum Protoplasta [ 169 



In species of Trichonympha, Leptospironympha, and Eucomonympha from the 

 wood roach Cryptocercus, Cleveland (1947, 1948) observed the syngamy of undiffer- 

 entiated or diflFerentiated gametes; the appearance of the process is as though the egg 

 ingested the sperm. Syngamy is followed immediately by meiosis. This means that 

 vegetative individuals are haploid. Barhulanympha achieves without syngamy an al- 

 ternation of haploid and diploid stages. Diploid cells are produced when a centro- 

 blepharoplast fails to divide, with the result that the nucleus remains intact, while 

 chromosomes appear and divide. Reduction division, by the separation of undivided 

 chromosomes, occurs when a centroblepharoplast divides at an exceptionally early 

 stage. Cleveland concluded that the early division of the central body is the event 

 which primarily distinguishes meiosis from mitosis. It is possible that he has recog- 

 nized an essential feature of the evolution of the sexual cycle. His words suggest the 

 idea that the sexual cycle may have originated within the present group. This is an 

 impossibility; the sexual cycle is a normal character of nucleate organisms, and is 

 fully established in nucleate organisms far more primitive than these. 



There are fewer than one hundred known species of Hypermastigina. They are 

 treated as seven families. 



1. Body without segmented appearance. 



2. Flagella distributed generally over the 



surface of the body or its anterior part. . . . Family 1. TRiCHONYMPHroA. 



2. Flagella in spiral bands Family 2. HoLOMASTiGOTororoA. 



2. Flagella in tufts. 



3. Flagella in a single tuft Family 3. LoPHOMONAoroA. 



3. Flagella in two tufts Family 4. HoPLONYMPHroA. 



3. Flagella in four tufts Family 5. SxAUROjOENnDA. 



3. Flagella in many tufts Family 6. KoForonoA. 



1. Body with segmented appearance Family 7. Teratonymphida. 



Family 1. Trichonymphida [Trichonymphidae] Leidy ex Doflein Lehrb. Prot. ed. 

 3: 537 (1911). The numerous flagella distributed generally over the surface of the 

 body or its anterior part. Trichonympha {Leidy opsis), Eucomonympha, etc. 



Family 2. Holomastigotoidida [Holomastigotoididae] Janicki in Zeit. wiss. Zool. 

 112: 644 (1915). Family S pirotrichonymphidae Grassi in Mem. Accad. Lincei CI. 

 Sci. ser. 5, 12: 333 (1917). The numerous flagella arranged in spiral bands. Holo- 

 m.astigotoides, S pirotrichonympha, etc. 



Family 3. Lophomonadida [Lophomonadidae] Kent Man. Inf. 1: 321 (1880). 

 Family Joeniidae Janicki in Zeit wiss. Zool. 112: 644 (1915). The numerous flagella 

 assembled in a single anterior tuft. Lophomonas, in cockroaches, all of the flagella 

 directed forward. Joenia, Joenina, Joenopsis, etc., in termites, the outer flagella 

 directed backward. 



Family 4. Hoplonymphida [Hoplonymphidae] Light in Univ. California Publ. 

 Zool. 29: 138 (1926). The flagella assembled in two anterior tufts. Hoplonympha, 

 Barhulanympha, etc. 



Family 5. Staurojoeninda [Staurojoenindae] Grassi in Mem. Accad. Lincei CI. Sci. 

 ser. 5, 12: 333 (1917). The flagella assembled in four anterior tufts. Staurojoenina. 



Family 6. Kofoidiida [Kofoidiidae] Light in Univ. California Publ. Zool. 29: 485 

 (1927). The flagella fused at their bases into several bundles. Kofoidia, a single 

 known species in Kalotermes. 



Family 7. Teratonymphida [Teratonymphidae] Koidzumi in Parasitology 13: 303 

 (1921). Family Cyclonymphidae Reichenow. Elongate and segmented, with a single 



