Phylum Protoplasta [ 183 



protoplasm. The effect of his discoveries was to show that the rhizopods or Foramini- 

 fera are not mollusks, but one-celled organisms. 



Very much taxonomic study has been given to this interesting group. The standard 

 system, in the modern period of practical concern with the group, has been that of 

 Cushman (1928). 



Galloway (1933), attempting to recognize phylogeny and concluding that certain 

 types of form and texture of shells have evolved repeatedly, has radically revised 

 Cushman's system and set up a system of thirty-five families. The following survey 

 of the group is based on Galloway's system. The names applied to the families are 

 those which he has cited as the oldest, and the groups treated as orders are the blocks 

 of families which to him appeared natural. 



1. Shell one-chambered, or of a proloculus fol- 

 lowed by one other chamber, not of a series 



of similar chambers Order 1. Monosomatia. 



1. Shell a series of similar chambers. 



2. Shell porcellanous, imperforate Order 2. Miliolidea. 



2. Not as above. 



3. Not specialized as in the following 



orders Order 3. Foraminifera. 



3. Shell hyaline, perforate, typically 

 trochoid, i.e., having the succes- 

 sively larger chambers helically ar- 

 ranged so that all may be seen from 

 one side and only the last whorl 



from the other Order 4. GLOBiGERiNroEA. 



3. Chambers of the fundamentally 

 planispiral shell with specialized 

 walls containing channels or pro- 

 ducing chamberlets Order 5. Nummulitinidea. 



Order 1. Monosomatia (Ehrenberg) Siebold in Siebold and Stannius Lehrb. vergl. 



Anat. 1: 11 (1848). 

 Monosomatia Ehrenberg in Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berhn (1838) : table 1 (1839). 

 Order Astrorhizidea Lankester in Enc. Brit. ed. 9. 19: 846 (1885). 

 Order Imperforida Delage and Herouard Traite Zool. 1: 107 (1896). 

 Order Archi-Monothalamia Calkins Biol. Prot. 354 ( 1926) . 

 Rhizopoda consisting of a single chamber, or of a proloculus followed by one other 

 chamber; exceptionally, after passing through a stage of this character, producing 

 a series of similar chambers. 



Family 1. Allogromiida [Allogromiidae] Cash and Wailes. Minute, with one- 

 chambered chitinous or gelatinous shells, usually subglobular; large in fresh water. 

 Allogromia Rhumbler; Mikrogromia Hertwig, the pseudopods of sister cells retaining 

 contact so that small colonies are formed; etc. 



Family 2. Astrorhizida [Astorhizidae] Brady (1881). Family Astrorhizina Lankes- 

 ter (1885). Family Astrorhizidaceae Lister. Families Rhizamminidae , Saccammini- 

 dae, and Hyperamminidae Cushman. Shell of agglutinated foreign material, usually 

 elongate, often branched, but not coiled. In Astrorhiza there is a central chamber 

 from which grow elongate arms. In Rhizammina, the shell is tubular, open at both 

 ends; in Bathysiphon it is a tube closed at one end; in Hyperammina a proloculus is 

 formed before the extended tube. 



