186] The Classification of Lower Organisms 



Order Perforida Delage and Herouard Traite Zool. 1 : 107 (1896). 

 Orders Nodosalida and Textulinida Calkins Biol. Prot. 355, 356 (1926). 



Comparatively unspecialized Rhizopoda, the shells of various textures, not porcel- 

 lanous; not usually of trochoid form, and if so, usually not vitreous. 



Early students, Montfort, Lamarck, and d'Orbigny, were much concerned with 

 organisms which they called Geophonus, Vorticialis, or Polystornella. These names 

 represent organisms of much the appearance of Nautilus; all are synonyms of Elphi- 

 dium Montfort, which is to be considered the type or standard genus of Foraminifera. 



Family 1. Endothyrina Lankester (1885). Family Endothyridae Rhumbler 1895. 

 Fossils, pre-Cambrian to Carboniferous, the calcareous shells granular or fibrous, not 

 porcellanous or vitreous. Cayeuxina Galloway ( 1933) includes minute globular shells 

 solitary or irregularly clustered, described by Cayeux, 1894, from the pre-Cambrian 

 of Brittany; Matthewina Galloway includes Cambrian fossils of similar character. 

 Endothyra and Cribrospira are Carboniferous forms, planispirally coiled; Tetrataxis 

 produced trochoid shells. 



Family 2. Nodosinellida [Nodosinellidae] Rhumbler 1895. Shells like those of 

 the Endothyrina or containing imbedded grains of sand, one-chambered or forming 

 straight or curved, not coiled, rows. Mostly Carboniferous, rare as late as the Eocene. 

 Archaelagena, Nodosinclla, Nodosaroum, Pedangia, etc. 



Family 3. Reophacida [Reophacidae] Cushman 1827. A small group of forms ap- 

 parently degenerate from the foregoing, the chambers in straight, curved, or irregular 

 series, walls chitinous or sandy; sometimes parasitic in other rhizopods. Reophax, etc., 

 surviving to the present in cold deep water. 



Family 4. Trochamminida [Trochamminidae] Schwager 1877. Family Trocham- 

 minina Lankester (1885). Family Plocapsilinidae Cushman. Cells planispiral or 

 trochoid, becoming evolute or irregular; walls with imbedded grains of sand. Penn- 

 sylvanian to recent, abundant only in the Cretaceous. Trochamniina, Plocapsilina, etc. 



Family 5. Lituolidea Reuss 1861. Family Lituolidae Brady (1881). Families 

 Lituolina and Loftusiina Lankester. Family Lituolidaceae Lister. Families Loftu- 

 siidae and Neusinidae Cushman. Shells spiral or becoming evolute or irregular, with 

 walls of agglutinated siliceous or calcareous matter, the chambers subdivided as in 

 order Nummulitinidea. Cyclammina, Lituola, Loftusia, Neusina, etc.; Mississippian 

 to recent, most abundant in the Cretaceous and at present. 



Family 6. Orbitolinida [Orbitolinidae] Martin 1890. Specialized derivatives of 

 the preceding family, walls agglutinated as in that group, the numerous chambers 

 forming a conical or nearly circular body. Dictyoconus, Orbitolina, etc. Mesozoic and 

 Eocene. 



Family 7. Ataxophragmidea Schwager 1877. Families Valvulinidae and Vcr- 

 neulinidae Cushman 1927. Family Ataxophragmidae Galloway (1933). Having 

 walls of agglutinated material and allied to the preceding families; chambers of the 

 shell tending to form an elongate, screw-like spiral. Valvulina, Ataxophragmium, 

 Verneulina, etc.; since early Mesozoic, abundant in the present. 



Family 8. Textularina Ehrcnberg (1839). Family Textularidac d'Orbigny (1839). 

 Family Textulariaccac Lister. Walls more or less agglutinated, the chambers usually 

 in an elongate spiral with two members to a cycle, so that they form two series, the 

 body as a whole tending to be wedge-shaped. Textularia, Cuneolina, Vulvulina, etc.; 

 Ordovician to the present. 



Family 9. Nodosarina Ehrcnberg (1839). Family Nodosarida Schultzc 1854. 

 Family Lagenidae Brady (1881). Family Lagenina Lankester (1885). Family Nodo- 



