194 ] The Classification of Lower Organisms 



suspected that the flagellate cells may be gametes. The central granule is said to 

 originate by extrusion from the nucleus of a bud. 



Zuelzer (1909) found in Wagner ella two types of individuals, slender and stout, 

 supposedly respectively haploid and diploid. In either type the nuclei may become 

 numerous (and it is said that they sometimes develop from chromidia). The nuclei 

 may migrate to the head and be released in buds, or they may become distributed 

 throughout the protoplast, which then breaks up into biflagellate cells. It is supposed 

 that these may be gametes, but a fusion of the heads of individuals of the slender 

 type was observed. 



Family 9. Clathrulinida [Clathrulinidae] Glaus 1874. Desmothoraca Hertwig 

 and Lesser op. cit. 225. Desmothoraca seu Clathrulinidae Hertwig Org. Radiolar. 

 142 (1879). Order Desmothoraca Biitschli in Bronn Kl. u. Ord. Thierreichs 1: 328 

 (1882). Family Choanocystidae Poche in Arch. Prot. 30: 192 (1913). Protoplasts ly- 

 ing within globular shells, apparently of chitin, usually stalked, punctured by numer- 

 ous pores through which the axopodia project. In reproduction, the protoplast may 

 divide into two, one of which escapes from the shell and secretes a new one; or it may 

 divide into many which become unequally biflagellate. Clathrulina, Hedriocystis, 

 Choanocystis. 



Order 2. Radiolaria (J. Miiller) Haeckel Radiolarien 243 (1862). 



Rhizopoda radiaria sen Radiolaria J. Miiller in Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1858: 



16 (1859). 

 Orders Thalassicollen, Sphacrozoen, and Peripyleen Hertwig Org. Radiolar. 133 



(1879). * 

 Orders Pcripylaria, Collodaria, Symbelaria, and Syncollaria Haeckel in Jen- 



aische Zeitschr. 15: 447, 469, 471, 472 (1882). 

 Legion S pumellaria or Peripylea, with orders Collodaria and Sphaerellaria and 



seven suborders, Haeckel in Rept. Voy. Challenger Zool. 18: 5, 9 ( 1887) . 

 Legion Spiimellaria, sublegions Collodaria and Sphaerellaria, and six orders, 



Haeckel Radiolarien 2: 87 (1887). 

 Order Peripylida Delage and Herouard Traite Zool. 1 : 176 ( 1896). 

 Suborder Peripylaria Minchin Protozoa 225 (1912). 

 Order Sphaeridca Poche in Arch. Prot. 30: 206 (1913). 

 Order Peripylea Calkins Biol. Prot. 343 (1926). 

 Suborder Peripylea Kudo Handb. Protozool. 259 (1931). 

 Suborder Pen'py/ma Hall Protozoology 218 (1953). 

 This order and the three which follow, being the Radiolaria as conventionally con- 

 strued, are unicellular marine organisms with axopodia, having within the protoplast 

 a layer of organic material, variously punctured and of various types of symmetry, 

 which separates the inner protoplasm from the outer. The central capsule consists of 

 this layer (the central capsule membrane) and its contents, including the one or more 

 nuclei of the cell. Imbedded in the protoplasm there is usually a skeleton, usually sili- 

 ceous, various in structure and sometimes highly complicated. The outer cytoplasm 

 is commonly inhabited by symbiotic cryptomonads in the resting condition (yellow 

 cells, zooxanthellae), and sometimes contains masses of dark material, apparently 

 debris extruded from the central capsule. The type of Radiolaria is evidently Thalas- 

 sicolla; this genus was the first one described from living material, and was listed 

 first by J. Miiller in the original publication of the name. 



The order which includes Thalassicolla, and to which the name Radiolaria is here 

 restricted, is distinguished by uniformly distributed small punctures in the central 



