Chapter XII 

 PHYLUM CILIOPHORA 



Phylum 8. CIUOPHORA (Doflein) nomen phylare novum 



Class Infusoires Lamarck Phil. Zool. 1: 127 (1809). 



Class Infusoria Lamarck Anim. sans Verteb. 1: 392 (1815). 



Class Protozoa Goldfuss in Isis 1818: 1008 (1818). 



Class Polygastrica Ehrenberg Infusionsthierchen p.* (1838). 



Hauptgruppe Protozoa, class Infusoria, and order Stomatoda Siebold in Siebold 

 and Stannius Lehrb. vergl. Anat. 1 : 3, 10 ( 1848). 



Subkingdorn Archezoa Perty Kennt. kl. Lebensf. 22 (1852), not phylum Archezoa 

 Haeckel (1894). 



Order Ciliata Perty op. cit. 137. 



Subphylum Infusoria Haeckel Gen. Morph. 2: Ixxviii (1866). 



Phylum Infusoria Haeckel Syst. Phylog. 1: 90 (1894). 



Subphylum Ciliophora Doflein Protozoen 227 (1901). 



Dependent organisms, mostly predatory, unicellular but mostly of complicated 

 structure; swimming by means of cilia at least at some stage of life; mostly with 

 nuclei of two types in each cell. Vorticella, the only genus named by Linnaeus, is to 

 be considered the type. 



These organisms are the typical examples of the accepted groups Infusoria and 

 Protozoa. The name Infusoria, referring to creatures which appear in infusions, is 

 said to have been introduced by Ledermiiller, 1763, or Wrisberg, 1764. As a scien- 

 tific name it has status from its application to a class by Lamarck (1815). The name 

 Protozoa, applied to a class in its original publication by Goldfuss, is a later synonym 

 of Infusoria. In treating the group as a phylum, one finds it necessary to apply a new 

 name, and takes up as such the name which Doflein applied to it as a subphylum. 



The essential point in the definition of the phylum is the word cilia. Cilia are cell- 

 organs of the same nature as flagella, differing in being smaller in proportion to the 

 cell which bears them, more numerous, and distributed generally on the surface. In 

 Loeffler's classic investigation (1889), they were found to bear solitary terminal ap- 

 pendages; by subsequent terminology, they are acroneme. Doflein appears to have 

 been mistaken in emphasizing the difference between flagella and cilia; there is no 

 fundamental difference. A verbal distinction, nevertheless, is expedient: the applica- 

 tion of the term ciHum is to be restricted to two things, (a) the swimming organelles 

 of the Ciliophora, and (b) moving fibrils protruding abundantly from certain epithe- 

 Hal cells of animals. Botanical usage, which treats cilium and flagellum as synonyms, 

 is unsound. The structures which in botany have been called cilia are definitely 

 flagella. 



The cells of Ciliophora reach moderately large sizes; those of the classroom 

 example Paramaecium attain a length of 0.25 mm. and are perceptible to the naked 

 eye. The cells of some of the Ciliophora are the most highly compHcated of all indi- 

 vidual cells. In addition to the cilia, the cell organs which require discussion are the 

 pellicle, neuromotor fibrils, trichocysts, structures involved in nutrition, contractile 

 vacuoles, and nuclei. 



The cell has a firm ectoplasm or pellicle which gives it a definite form. The cilia 

 spring from basal granules imbedded in the pellicle. In simpler examples, the cilia 



