APPENDIX I 



THE COMMON CHARACTERS THAT 

 DISTINGUISH FAMILIES 



The list is made up from the key at the end of my Dictionary, and 

 includes the necessary characters to distinguish one family from 

 another. They are arranged as far as possible in divergent pairs, 

 and it will at once be noticed that most of them do not lend 

 themselves to possessing intermediates or transitions. 



Herbs, shrubs, trees; parasites, saprophytes, epiphytes, thalloid. 



Roots from tap-root, or adventitious. 



Stem, rhizome, bulb, etc.; creeping, climbing, or not; herbaceous 

 or woody; jointed or not; mono- or sympodial; angled or not; 

 with latex or resin, or not. 



Leaves radical or cauline ; alternate, opposite, or whorled ; in two 

 ranks, or in three or more; sheathing or not; ligulate or not. 



Leaves simple or compound ; palmate or pinnate, etc. ; entire or 

 lobed or toothed ; fleshy or hairy or not ; pitchers or not ; with 

 oil cavities, glandular dots, with chalk glands, or not. 



Leaves stipulate or exstipulate; parallel- or net-veined; dorsi- 

 ventral or isobilateral ; asymmetrical or not. 



Inflorescence racemose, cymose, or mixed; ^ or unisexual; a 

 raceme, corymb, catkin, mono- or dichasial cyme, etc. etc.; 

 with bracts or not; with spathe or not; with bracteoles or not. 



Receptacle convex, flat, or hollow; with or without effigurations. 



Involucre or none; epicalyx or none; disc or not. 



Flower spiral or cyclic; ^ or ^ $; mon- or dioecious; with 

 perianth or not; homo- or hetero-chlamydeous ; iso- or hetero- 

 merous; with parts in twos, threes, fours, etc. 



Flower regular or zygomorphic; zygomorphism vertical, trans- 

 verse, or oblique; with ray florets or not; heterostyled or not; 

 resupinate or not. 



Perianth petaloid or sepaloid, or none. 



Calyx whorled or spiral; convolute, imbricate, or valvate; poly- 

 or gamosepalous ; odd sepal anterior or posterior. 



