ORIGINAL BIOTA OF THE AMERICAS 



61 



spite of the essential identity of this 

 forest from the Pacific to the Atlantic 

 it is nevertheless made up of a large 

 number of tree species. Very many 

 extensive areas are formed by a single 

 species and many others by an admixture 

 in which not more than three or four 

 species are involved. In the eastern 

 portion of the area the white pine 

 (P. sirobus), the hemlock {Tsuga can- 

 adensis), the jack pine (P. divaricata) , 

 and the balsam fir (Abies balsamea), 

 are the most common species." 



Northern localities with cold wet 

 winters and usually as much as 50 in. 

 of snow in winter. 



The open marshes and margins of 

 lakes are the favorite haunts of the 

 moose. The chief local conditions are 

 ponds and marshes of various types, 

 which are important to migratory birds. 



The mammals include the moose 

 {Alces spp.), woodland caribou (Rangi- 

 fer spp.), elk (Cervus canadensis subspp.), 

 black bear [Ursus americanus group), 

 wolverine (Gulo luscus), Canada lynx 

 (Lynx canadensis group), Canada wood- 

 chuck {Marmota monax canadensis), 

 and red squirrel (Sciuriis Jiudsonicus 

 subspp.). 



The breeding birds include the fol- 

 lowing: Hudsonian spruce partridge, 

 Canada spruce partridge, Canada ruffed 

 grouse, Nova Scotia ruffed grouse, 

 passenger pigeon (extinct), turkey vul- 

 ture (southern), swallow-tailed kite 

 (formerly), marsh hawk, sharp-shinned 

 hawk, Cooper's hawk, goshawk, red- 

 tailed hawk, red-shouldered hawk, 

 broad-winged hawk, rough-legged hawk, 

 golden eagle, duck hawk, pigeon hawk, 

 sparrow hawk, long-eared owl, barred 

 owl, great gray owl, Richardson's 

 owl, saw-whet owl, screech owl, great 

 horned owl (eastern), western horned 

 owl (central, northerly), arctic horned 

 owl (northern), pale horned owl (cen- 

 tral, southerly), Newfoundland horned 

 owl (Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Lab- 

 rador), hawk owl, yellow-billed cuckoo 

 (south part), black-billed cuckoo (south 

 part), northern hairy woodpecker, New- 

 foundland woodpecker, downy wood- 



pecker, Newfoundland downy wood- 

 pecker, Arctic three-toed woodpecker, 

 American three-toed woodpecker, yel- 

 low-bellied sapsucker, northern plicated 

 woodpecker, red-headed woodpecker, 

 northern flicker, whippoorwill, night- 

 hawk, chimney swift, ruby-throated 

 hununingbird, kingbird, crested fly- 

 catcher, phoebe, olive-sided flycatcher, 

 wood pewee, yellow-bellied flycatcher, 

 least flycatcher, black-billed magpie, 

 blue jay, Canada jay, Labrador jay, 

 crow, cowbird, Baltimore oriole, 

 bronzed grackle, evening grosbeak, 

 pine grosbeak, Newfoundland pine gros- 

 beak, purple finch, crossbill, white-winged 

 crossbill, white-throated sparrow, chip- 

 ping sparrow, clay-colored sparrow, 

 goldfinch, pine siskin, Harris' sparrow, 

 white-crowned sparrow, slate-colored 

 junco, song sparrow, Lincoln's sparrow, 

 fox sparrow, towhee, rose-breasted gros- 

 beak, black-headed grosbeak, scarlet 

 tanager, purple martin, cliff swallow, 

 barn swallow, Bohemian waxwing, cedar 

 waxwing, red-eyed vireo, Philadelphia 

 vireo, warbling vireo, j'ellow-throated 

 vireo, blue-headed vireo, black and 

 white warbler, golden-winged warbler, 

 Nashville warbler, orange-crowned 

 warbler, Tennessee warbler, northern 

 parula warbler. Cape May warbler, 

 black-throated blue warbler, Cairn's 

 warbler, myrtle warbler, magnolia war- 

 bler, chestnut-sided warblcr,bay-breasted 

 warbler, black-poll warbler, Black- 

 burnian warbler, black-throated green 

 warbler, Kirtland's warbler (central 

 Michigan), pine warbler, oven-bird, 

 mourning warbler, Wilson's warbler, 

 Canada warbler, redstart, catbird, 

 brown thrasher, house wren, winter 

 wren, brown creeper, white-breasted 

 nuthatch, red-breasted nuthatch, chick- 

 adee, Hudsonian chickadee, Acadian 

 chickadee (eastern), golden-crowned king- 

 let, ruby-crowned kinglet, wood thrush 

 (south part); veery, gray-checked thrush 

 (western), Bicknell's tlirush (c:ist), 

 olive-backed thrush, hernut thrush, 

 robin, and blucbir^l. 



Breeding birds whose habitat is 

 generally limited to the pre-forest or 



