62 



NATURALIST'S GUIDE TO THE AMERICAS 



other early stages of succession include 

 the following: tree sparrow, field spar- 

 row, swamp sparrow, indigo bunting, 

 northern shrike, white-rumped shrike, 

 migrant shrike, yellow warbler, pine 

 warbler, palm warbler, and yellow 

 palm warbler. 



Breeding birds preferring a moist 

 habitat, generally near a stream or swamp, 

 include the following: tree swallow, 

 bank swallow, rough-winged swallow, 

 northern water-thrush, Grinnell's water- 

 thrush, Connecticut warbler, and north- 

 ern yellow-throat. 



Breeding birds whose habitat is 

 limited to the presence of water, 

 generally a local condition, include the 

 following: bald eagle, osprey, belted 

 kingfisher, and northern raven. 



2a. mountain coniferous forest 

 (montane forest climax, the rocky 

 mountain montane forest, the 

 sierran montane forest, clements, 



(hUDSONIAN and CANADIAN ZONES) 



In the western half of the area the 

 yellow pine {Pinus ponderosa) , the 

 lodgepole pine (P. murrayana), and the 

 red fir (Pseudotsuga mucronata) are the 

 trees which dominate the most exten- 

 sive stands. 



In the montane forests are found such 

 characteristic mammals as the yellow- 

 bellied marmot (Mannota flaviventris 

 subspp.), red squirrel (Subgenus Taviia- 

 sciurus), deer-mouse {Peromyscus spp.), 

 red-backed vole (Evotomys), chipmunk 

 {Eutamias), and flying-squirrel {Glau- 

 comys sabrinus subspp.). 



The breeding birds include the fol- 

 lowing: dusky grouse (Utah and south), 

 Richardson's grouse (Wyoming and 

 north), Alaska spruce grouse (Mt. 

 McKinley range), Franklin's grouse 

 (Idaho and north), gray ruffed grouse 

 (Utah and north), band-tailed pigeon 

 (Utah and south), sharp-shinned hawk. 

 Cooper's hawk, western goshawk, western 

 red-tail, golden eagle, pigeon hawk, 

 Richardson's pigeon hawk, desert 

 sparrow hawk (lower mountains), long- 

 eared owl, Richardson's owl, saw-whet 

 owl, MacFarlane's screech owl (west 



mountain slope). Rocky Mountain 

 screech owl (east mountain slope), 

 flammulated screech owl (Colorado 

 and south), dusky horned owl, hawk 

 owl. Rocky Mountain pygmy owl. 

 Rocky Mountain hairy woodpecker, 

 Batchelder's woodpecker (British Co- 

 lumbia and south), Nelson's downy 

 woodpecker (Alberta and north), Arctic 

 three-toed woodpecker, Alaska three- 

 toed woodpecker (northerly), Alpine 

 three-toed woodpecker (southerly), red- 

 naped sapsucker, Williamson's sap- 

 sucker, northern pileated woodpecker, 

 Lewis' woodpecker, red-shafter flicker, 

 Stephens' whippoorwill (Arizona and 

 south), western nighthawk, black swift, 

 white-throated swift, black-chinned 

 hummingbird, Rivoli's hummingbird 

 (Arizona and south), blue-throated 

 hummingbird (Arizona and south), 

 broad-tailed hummingbird (Idaho and 

 south), rufous hummingbird, calliope 

 hummingbird, white-eared humming- 

 bird (Arizona and south), broad-billed 

 hummingbird (Arizona and south), 

 sulphur-bellied flycatcher (Arizona and 

 south) olivaceous flycatcher (Ai-izona 

 and south), olive-sided flycatcher 

 (Arizona and south), Coues' flycatcher, 

 western wood pewee, western flycatcher, 

 Hammond's flycatcher, Wright's fly- 

 catcher, gray flycatcher (Arizona 

 and south), buff -breasted flycatcher 

 (Arizona and south), magpie, long- 

 crested jay (Wyoming and south), 

 black-headed jay (Wyoming and north). 

 Rocky Mountain jay, western crow, 

 Clarke's nutcracker, pinyon jay, western 

 evening grosbeak. Rocky Mountain pine 

 grosbeak, Cassin's purple finch, cross- 

 bill, white-winged crossbill, pine siskin, 

 white-crowned sparrow, Gambel's spar- 

 row, western chipping sparrow, white- 

 winged junco (Rocky Mountain 

 region), Shufeldt's junco (northerly), 

 Montana junco (northerly), pink- 

 sided junco (southerly), Ridgway's junco 

 (Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, New 

 Mexico), Arizona junco (Arizona and 

 south), red-backed junco (Arizona and 

 south), gray-headed junco (Wyoming 

 and south), mountain song sparrow. 



