248 



NATURALIST'S GUIDE TO THE AMERICAS 



Native yellow pine and hardwood timber 

 in canyons; balance grass-covered sand- 

 hills and tableland. 



ScottsblutT National Monument, ap- 

 l)n)xiinatclv 1900 acres. Central attrac- 

 tion is mountain 46G7 ft. above the sea 

 and 800 ft. above the river. Most of 

 area is of rugged nature. "The bad 

 lands" consist of twisted and corrugated 

 rocks of the White River period, several 

 hundred acres lying between the moun- 

 tain and the river. Fossils of the 

 Eocene and Oligocene are quite abun- 

 dant. Historically the mountain has 

 groat interest. Reached from Scotts- 

 hluff (C. B. & Q. Ry. from Sterling or 

 Alliance or Gering) (U. P. R. R. from 

 No. Platte) approximately 2 mi. 



Fontenelle Forest, about 2000 acres, 

 5 mi. south of Omaha. Native hard- 

 wood timberland, oaks, hickory, elm, 

 .-sycamore, etc. About the only native 

 hardwood forest being preserved in its 

 natural state for use of nature lovers 

 and citizens of the state. A rich field 

 for botanists and also has interesting 

 archeological history. Fontenelle For- 

 est Association, Omaha, owner. Reached 

 (a) or trolley from Omaha. 



Minnesota National Forest (Minnesota) 



The characteristics of the area are 

 best shown by the following typical 

 reserves : 



Star Island Game Refuge, 1200 acres 

 (entire island). Lake Helen about 200 

 acres in extent, lies within this island. 

 Virgin stand of timlter, chiefly white and 

 Norway pine, with some jack pine and 

 hardwoods. Reached from Cass Lake 

 by motor boat. 



Ten sections of virgin forest, com- 

 prising the shore line of Cass Lake, 

 Pike Bay and connecting lakes. A 

 virgin stand of timber 200 j'ears old, to 

 be cut only as it dies or is blown down; 

 consists of chiefly white and Norway 

 pine, some jack pine and hardwoods, and 

 swamp species. 



Itasca State Park (Game Refuge) 

 20,000 acres, a virgin stand of timber, 

 chiefly white and Norway pine, some 

 jack pine and hardwoods. Lake Itasca 

 is the accepted source of the Mississippi 



River. Reached from Arago by bus 

 from Park Rapids (G. N. Ry.) or Bemidji 

 (G. N. R., Soo Line and N. P.). 



Superior National Forest (Minnesota) 



Ely, centrally located for western 

 half of Forest. Grand Marais, port on 

 Lake Superior (east or Lake Superior 

 entrance), good accommodations, no 

 railroad— on North Shore Drive (auto 

 road). Forest ranger. Travel after 

 leaving railroad mainly by boat, canoe or 

 launch, or by auto and boat. Boats 

 necessary for all or parts of every trip. 

 80% burned, 10% cut-over. 



Characterized by a network of thou- 

 sands of lakes and streams, mixed conif- 

 erous and broad-leaved forests, swamps 

 and rock ridges. The forest consists 

 of white, Norway and jack pines, white 

 and black spruce, tamarack, cedar, 

 birch, poplar and maples. Game 

 Refuges. 



Superior Game Preserve covers a 



large part of the Forest and extends 



beyond its boundaries, with acreage of 



1,290,000. Principal game animals are 



moose, caribou, white tailed deer, black 



bear, snowshoe hare, red, gray, and 



flying squirrels, and grouse (ruffed, 



pin-tailed, spruce hens). Fur-bearing 



animals are marten, fisher, weasel, 



muskrat, mink, wolf (timber), coyote, 



red fox, beaver, lynx, and bobcat. 



Principal fish are pike, pickerel, bass, 



and trout (lake and brook) . 



Michigan National Forest (Michigan) 



An extensive area, mostly of sand 

 "plains" 100 to 200 ft. above Lake level, 

 once bearing excellent forests of Norway 

 pine (Pinus resinosa) and some white 

 pine (Pinus strobiis). 



It has been cut-over and repeatedly 

 burned in past years so that there 

 remains only a few scattered clumps of 

 Norway pine, largely failing to re- 

 produce, but with much of the ground 

 occupied by jack pine (Pinus divaricata) 

 and scrub oak. Ecologically most in- 

 teresting for observations of vegeta- 

 tional succession following establish- 

 ment of forests by planting. 



