PROBLEM 5. The StctQ,es of 3/j//'y Developiiiciit 011 the E.rrtJ: 



Fig. 521 D railing found in 

 a cave in Spain. What does 

 this show about the cul- 

 ture of Cro-Magnon men? 



(AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NAT- 

 URAL history) 



mav" have hollowed the earth and lined 

 this depression with skins. Like the ear- 

 lier species these men knew how to make 

 weapons and tools of chipped flint but 

 they made use of new materials, too, 

 bone and ivory. Thus Homo sapiens, 

 twenty thousand years ago, could fash- 

 ion darts and pointed instruments like 

 awls and large sewing needles. Skins 

 were sewed and substantial clothing 

 worn. These early men were expert hunt- 

 ers and fishermen, so that food must 

 have been more plentiful in spite of the 

 arctic conditions against which they were 

 sometimes obliged to struggle. The large 

 supply of food led to more leisure. 

 There was time for luxuries as well as 

 for the necessities of life. Bone and ivory 

 were shaped into beads and personal 

 adornments of various sorts. Cro-Mag- 

 non men developed the art of painting 

 and sculpture to a very high degree. 

 Many of the objects thev used and the 

 inner portions of their caves were often 

 decorated, perhaps not so much to satisfy 

 an artistic sense as belief in magic. 



That Homo sapiens of about 25,000 

 years ago had some sort of social organi- 

 zation is shown by recent discoveries in 

 Moravia in the Balkan peninsula. The 

 site of an ancient villacre was uncovered. 

 Here were living quarters with fire- 

 places in front of what must once have 

 been houses of some sort, a large work- 

 shop where the men could gather to 

 fashion tools, and huge refuse pits con- 

 taining bones of mammoths, horses, and 

 reindeer. Countless artifacts were un- 

 earthed, including household utensils 

 such as spoons and two-pronged forks. 



The Old Stone Age. Let us briefly ex- 

 amine the history of civilization as we 

 know it. The first period in this long 

 history was the Old Stone Age (Paleo- 

 lithic — pay-lee-oh-lith'ic). It lasted a 

 long time, roughly almost a million 

 years, ending about 10,000 years ago. It 

 includes cultures as different as those of 

 the Java ape men or Peking men and 

 those of Neandertal men or even of the 

 early Homo sapiens. Throughout this 

 long period men were dependent on 



