3 3(5 Consta?it Care Is Needed for Health unit vi 



1 8. What were the contributions of Semmelweis and Lister? What did 

 they owe to Pasteur? Explain the difference between Lister's anti- 

 septic surgery and aseptic surgery. Which is practiced now? 



19. What great advance in the use of specific drugs has medicine made 

 within the last ten or fifteen years? In what respect are the chemicals 

 now used difl^erent in their efl^ects from the herbs used formerly? 



20. How does Ehrlich's treatment for syphilis diflFer from the other 

 methods of treating disease? 



21. For what conditions are sulfa drugs used? 



22. How are penicillin and streptomycin obtained? how used? 



23. Sum up the contents of this problem briefly by explaining: germ 

 theory of disease, active and passive immunity, and the use of chem- 

 icals. 



Exercises 



1. How well can you interpret a graph? How many people per 100,000 

 died of tuberculosis in the United States in 1900? How many died of 

 tuberculosis in New York City in that year? How did the two death 

 rates compare in per cent? How did they compare in per cent in 1944? 

 When was the United States death rate reduced to one half of that of 

 1900? When was it reduced to about one fourth of the 1900 death rate? 

 Can you suggest reasons why the death rate in New York Cirv^ should 

 have been so much higher in the early years? Can you give reasons why 

 the death rate in 1944 in the United States should be so very much smaller 

 than in 1900? Are you sure that the reasons you give are the correct ones? 

 Why or why not? 



2. Why were scientists slow to accept the germ theory of disease? If 

 the germ theory were a totally new theory to you, would you be con- 

 vinced of it after a demonstration such as described in the text? If not, 

 why not? Which of the steps, if any, would you be willing to omit? 



3. Answer the following questions: (a) You read that all silkworms 

 attacked bv a disease were hosts of a parasitic fungus. Are you justified, 

 therefore, in concluding that the fungus is the cause of the disease? Why 

 or why not? (b) What qualities of a great scientist did Robert Koch 

 have? 



4. Can \'ou explain why in Jenner's day severe illness frequently re- 

 sulted from vaccination? When did Jenner live? State the precautions 

 which physicians now take to avoid trouble. 



5. Antivaccinationists use arguments such as these: "The health records 

 of a large city in which vaccination of school children is required show 

 that in the years from 19:50-1935 not one case of smallpox occurred, but 

 there were three deaths followinir vaccination." How would you answer 

 this and explain the facts? "\^accine is made from material taken from a 

 calf and scratched into human tissues. This is unclean and unsafe." How 



