102 EVOLUTION, GENETICS, AND EUGENICS 



obtained with the bloods of Simiidae (i.e., Man-like Apes) closely 

 resemble those obtained with human blood, the bloods of Cercopithe- 

 cidae (Old World Monkeys) came next, followed by those of Cebidae 

 and Hapalidae (New World Monkeys and Marmosets) which gave 

 but slight reactions with anti-human serum, whilst the blood of 

 Lemuroidea gave no indication of blood-relationship." "A perusal 

 of the pages relating to the tests made upon the many bloods I have 

 examined by means of precipitating anti-sera, will very clearly show 

 that this method of investigation permits of our drawing certain 

 definite conclusions. It is a remarkable fact .... that a common 

 property has persisted in the bloods of certain groups of animals 

 throughout the ages which have elapsed during their evolution from 

 a common ancestor, and this in spite of differences of food and habits 

 of life. The persistence of the chemical blood-relationship between 

 the various groups of animals serves to carry us back into geological 

 times, and I believe we have but begun the work along these lines, 

 and that it will lead to valuable results in the study of various problems 

 of evolution." 



The general conclusions on interrelationships, so far as they are of 

 particular interest for our purpose, reached by Nuttall and Graham- 

 Smith as the result of many thousands of blood tests, may be summa- 

 rized as follows: 



i. If sufficiently strong solutions be used and time enough be 

 allowed, a relationship between the bloods of all mammals is made 

 evident. 



2. The degrees of relationship between man, apes and monkeys 

 have already been noted. 



3. Anti-carnivore sera show "a preponderance of large reactions 

 amongst the bloods of Carnivora, as distinguished from other Mam- 

 malia; the maximum reactions usually take place amongst the more 

 closely related forms in the sense of descriptive zoology." 



4. Anti-pig serum gives maximum reactions only with the bloods 

 of other species of the same family, moderate reactions those of rumi- 

 nants and camels, and moderate or slight reactions with those of 

 whales. Anti-llama serum gives a moderate reaction with the blood of 

 the camel, and the close relationship between the deer family and the 

 great host of antelopes, sheep, goats and oxen is clearly demonstrated. 



5. An ti- whale serum gives maximum reactions only with the 

 bloods of other whales and slight reactions with those of pigs and 

 ruminants. 



