B. A. Hoiissay 251 



after cessation of treatment, the mine still gave a positive Fehling test. The 

 amount of sugar excreted had decreased and the urine vokime was less. The 

 animal was more active and had gained weight." In the other group, one 

 female dog injected for nine months had infection on the skin, hyperglycemia 

 (228 mg. per loo cc.) and glycosuria; when the injections were interrupted the 

 bitch remained glycosuric for two months and no abnormalities were found 

 in its Langerhans islets. One female of the first group and a brother of the 

 female of the second gi'oup which were treated likewise did not show dis- 

 turbances of carbohydrate metabolism (blood and urine) even a year after 

 being injected. Prof. Evans wrote to me about his experiments before publish- 

 ing them and I mentioned this letter in my paper of 1932 (see Houssay'"). 



In the same year, Bauman and Marine'" injected four rabbits during six or 

 more days with a saline extract of fresh bovine anterior lobe. The animals 

 presented glycosuria, polyuria and an increase in blood sugar. The body 

 weight did not decrease. Using the growth extract "Phyone," glycosuria ap- 

 peared in one out of four rabbits. From 1932 up to now we have confirmed 

 the Evans phenomenon several times, dogs injected daily with anterior lobe 

 developing diabetes for some weeks during the treatment, remaining diabetic 

 for one to four weeks after the injections were stopped, and then gradually 

 becoming normal. The return of the blood sugar to normal is probably due 

 to the disappearance of the lesions of the beta cells of the Langerhans islands. 



In 1930 Houssay and Biasotti^ had discovered the diabetogenic action of the 

 anterior lobe by injecting toads deprived of hypophysis and pancreas. In 1932 

 it was confirmed in dogs without hypophysis and pancreas by Houssay, Bia- 

 sotti and Rietti^^"'" who published three notes about it, one of them with Di 

 Benedetto.''^ In these notes is also described the diabetogenic action of the 

 anterohypophysial extract in: 1st, dogs with pancreatic mass reduced but nor- 

 moglycemic (this particular point was later studied by Houssay, Foglia and 

 Smyth'* in 1941); 2d, dogs with Sandmeyer diabetes; 3d, normal dogs. In the 

 same year (1932) it was proved in our Institute that the anterohypophysial 

 extract aggravates the phlorizin diabetes in toads*® and dogs."" ^' Finally in 

 1937, Foglia, Gerschman, Marenzi, Muiioz and Rietti"" showed that when 

 injected into totally pancreatectomized dogs it aggravated the diabetes, in- 

 creased especially the ketonemia and ketonuria, decreased the alkaline reserve, 

 and killed them in coma within one to three days. 



In 1933 Houssay, Biasotti and Rietti*" compared the sensitivity of several 

 animal species to the diabetogenic anterohypophysial action. They studied 

 several chemical properties of the extract and demonstrated that its action 

 can be observed in dogs without gonads, thyroid, adrenal medulla, sympathetic 

 chains, and splanchnic nerves. In the hypophysectomized and pancreatecto- 

 mized toad Houssay and Biasotti^''^" had shown from 1931 to 1933 diabetogenic 

 action in absence of the digestive apparatus, lungs, kidneys, testicles, ovaries, 

 thyroid, or forebrain, interbrain and midbrain. 



The diabetogenic action is not observed in absence of the liver in the pan- 



