CONTENTS 



ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATIONS AND MATTER 67 



The Structure of Matter: elementary particles; atomic structure; 

 the nucleus; molecular structure and binding 68 



Electromagnetic Radiation: nature; spectrum; absorption 76 



Some Interactions of Electromagnetic Radiations and Living Matter: 

 warming (infrared); visible (twilight and color vision); 

 photochemical (ultraviolet); ionizing (X and gamma) 82 



Microscopy: optical microscope (interference and phase con- 

 trast); electron microscope 95 



5. RADIOACTIVITY; BIOLOGICAL TRACERS 102 



Ionization and Detection: positive ions; electrons; gamma rays; 



neutrons 104 



Disintegration (Decay): half-life; energy distribution; decay 



products 112 



Penetration of the Rays into Tissue 116 



Uses as Biological Tracers: of molecular reactions; of fluid flow; 



in metabolic studies; radioactive mapping 1 17 



BIG MOLECULES— STRUCTURE OF MACROMOLECULES AND LIVING 



MEMBRANES 125 



Structure: crystalline macromolecules; dissolved macromole- 



cules (static and dynamic methods); living membranes 126 



Isomers and Multiplets: electron transitions and triplet states 143 



Replication and Code-Scripts: DNA and RNA; coding theory 147 



Mutations and Molecular Diseases: hemoglobins; others 156 



A CONCEPTUAL INTRODUCTION TO BIOENERGETICS 161 



Laws (3) of Thermodynamics: statements; heat content of foods; 



free energy; entropy 163 

 The Drive Toward Equilibrium: free energy released; role of 



adenosine triphosphate, the mobile power supply 175 

 Redox Systems; Electron Transfer Processes: Nernst equation; 



indicators and mediators 179 



Measurement of A H, A F, and T A S 184 



Concentration Cells; Membrane Potentials 185 



Negative Entropy Change in Living Systems 187 



