INDEX 



325 



Electric field strength, definition, (voltage 

 gradient), 38, 40 



across living membranes, 40, 143 



in ionization chambers, 107 

 Electrical conductivity, 219 ff 



and dimensions of the conductor, 222 



effect of ionizing radiations on, 246 



Ohm's law of; an analysis, 219-222 



of electrolytes, in body, 219 



of organic materials, 74, 147 



specific, defined, 220 

 Electrocardiography (EKG), recording, 



223 

 Electrochemical nature of nerve propaga- 

 tion. 266 

 Electroencephalography (EEG), analysis, 

 275, 299 

 effect of ionizing radiations on, 276 

 Electrolytes, ionic transport in, 219 ff, 228 

 conductivity of, 219, 222 

 in giant axon of squid, 266 

 in red blood cells, 38 

 Electrolytic cells (See Redox systems) 

 Electromagnetic spectrum, 77 ff 

 detailed table of properties, 78-79 

 (See Infrared radiations, Ionizing radia- 

 tions, Ultraviolet radiations, and 

 Visible radiations) 

 Electromagnetic waves, 76 

 absorption of, 80-82 

 interaction with matter, 77-80, 82-95 

 Electromotive force (See Electrical potentials) 

 Electron, charge and mass, 68 

 properties of, 68, 103 

 and current flow, 219 ff 



Electron microscope, principles and limita- 

 tions of, 100 



Electron microscopy, illustrations: 

 of bacteria, 250 

 of collagen fibers, 134 

 of muscle, 284, 285 

 of neuromuscular junction, 291 

 of ribosomes of cell, 152 

 of Schwann cell and nerve axon, 272 



Electron volt (ev), unit, 77 



Electroretinogram, 90 



Elementary particles, 73, 82 

 Endergonic (synthetic, anabolic) processes, 

 175 



Endothermic processes, 166 



Energy, kinetic and potential, 28, 161 ff 



chemical, 166, 167 



electrical, 45 



factors of, 29,45, 175 



heat, 45, 162 



interconversion of various kinds, 162, 163- 

 171 



internal, definition, 164 



in thermodynamic systems, 161 ff 



in visual processes, 87-90 



mechanical, 45 



of matter waves, sound and ultrasound, 

 49 



of muscle contraction, 280 



transfer processes, 179 ff 



references, 189-190 



(See also Bioenergetics) 

 Enthalpy of reaction (heat content change) 

 definition, 165 



fuel value of foods, 166 



of combustion, mixing, and of transition, 

 166, 167 



table of values, 172 

 Entropy, as a specific heat, 29, 170 



as a factor of heat energy, 29, 170 



and information, in communications the- 

 ory, 298 



and order vs disorder, 171, 187,298 



and probability, 188 



negative change in, in living systems, 187 



of activation in enzyme catalysis, 200, 206 



of reaction in chemical and physical proc- 

 esses, 171 



table of values, 172 

 Enzymes, as biological catalysts, 201-204, 

 286, 289 



table of rate parameters of reactions cata- 

 lyzed by, 206 

 Equilibrium, as a dynamic process, 193 



as a thermodynamic process, 176, 185, 194 



the drive toward, 175 

 Equivalent conductance, defined, and ex- 

 emplified, 221 

 Errors, kinds, analysis of, and means of 

 expressing, 17-20 



in measurement, and effects on biophysi- 

 cal control, 298 

 Erythema, energy of ultraviolet to produce, 

 92 



Erythrocytes (See Red Blood Cells) 

 ev — electron volt 



Excitation, all-or-none property of nerve, 

 262-263, 305 

 and electrical conductivity, 74, 147 

 and photosynthesis, 91 

 and stimulation of eye, 87 

 of molecules, electronic, 145 

 thermal, of rotations and vibrations, 145 



Excited states of molecules, 143-146 



Extinction coefficients, molar and molecular, 

 81 



