SOCIETAL EVOLUTION 1 53 



tinuously when the primitive family expanded by some 

 natural process of growth, affiliation and differentiation of 

 individuals into the clan or tribe, but even this leaves us in 

 the dark in regard to the actual factors which brought about 

 the expansion and still maintain the soHdarity of the indi- 

 viduals in the great societies of the present time. 



7, Psychologists, psychopathologists and sociologists are 

 now unanimous in maintaining that social cohesion, or what 

 some have called the "social mind," must be constituted 

 by the wealth of non-rational behavior which has been 

 variously designated as the appetites, cravings, instincts, 

 interests and emotions of the individual. Some have postu- 

 lated a special "herd instinct" (Trotter) or "gregarious 

 instinct" (Drever), while others have based human soli- 

 darity on "consensus" (Comte), synergy, or cooperation 

 (Spencer), on altruism, sympathy, affection or even egoism 

 (Le Dantec). It will be seen that all of these bonds are of a 

 physiological or primitively psychological character and 

 therefore quite different from those which we call intellectual, 

 or rational. They are, no doubt, fundamentally the same as 

 the primitive associative tendencies which we observe in the 

 uniform members of the flocks and herds of birds and mam- 

 mals, and may therefore be traceable to the instinctive 

 bonds which unite the members of the family. 



8. Durkheim, while accepting these tendencies as the 

 basis of social cohesion in the more primitive human societies, 

 has pointed out that as society develops, the strongest 

 bonds are those produced by the continued action and 

 intensification of the social division of labor. The associated 

 individuals necessarily become more and more heterogeneous 

 psychically, and therefore more and more interdependent. 

 This increase in interdependence brings about both the 

 cooperation and the constraint which are such conspicuous 

 features in highly developed societies. Cooperation is not, 

 therefore, a primitive condition, but supervenes after a 

 certain differentiation has been developed by division of 

 labor, or speciahzation among the individuals; and the 

 constraint, restraint, inhibitions and repressions which the 

 social unit is bound to exercise and endure have had much 

 to do with the creation of the traditions (social heredity). 



