154 HUMAN BIOLOGY 



mores, laws, religious institutions, etc. which in turn con- 

 strain their creators. Durkheim's view has the advantage of 

 referring the integration, or solidarity of society, to a 

 principle which is universal, not only in all animal societies, 

 but also in all multicellular organisms. This principle, the 

 division of labor, was first recognized and named by the 

 economist Adam Smith and only later introduced into 

 biology by Milne-Edwards. 



The very significant role of the primitively psychological 

 and the relative insignificance, even in our present civiliza- 

 tion, of the specifically intellectual processes have been most 

 impressively set forth by Pareto in his "Traite de Sociologie" 

 and by Sumner and Keller in their "Science of Society." 

 A study of these works might be said to constitute a Hberal 

 education. Pareto designates the irrational foundations of 

 social behavior as the "residues," the rationahzations of 

 them in which we are constantly indulging, as the "deriva- 

 tions." Sumner and Keller's remarkable picture of the mores 

 and of their fundamental significance, stability, and tenacity, 

 based on exhaustive ethnological studies, forms an admirable 

 background for Pareto's contentions, which he illustrates 

 mainly with materials drawn from the ancient and con- 

 temporary history of European peoples. Both works are 

 important also because they lift sociology entirely out of the 

 valuative and moralizing slough, in which it has long 

 floundered, onto the scientific plane. The strange light which 

 these and many other similar studies of human society 

 cast on our zealous social reformers and propagandists 

 enables us to appreciate, on the one hand, the impulsive, 

 irrational, wishful thinking which is the true drive of their 

 own activities and, on the other hand, the extraordinary 

 magnitude and inertia of the behavior they are trying to 

 control and reform. 



REFERENCES 



Allee, W. C. 1927. Animal aggregations. Quart. Rev. Biol., 2: 267-398. 



Alverdes, F. 1927. Social Life in tlie Animal World. N. Y., Harcourt Brace. 



Brues, C. T. 1926. Remarkable abundance of a cistelid beetle, with observa- 

 tions on other aggregations of insects. Amer. Natural., 60: 526-545. 



Deegener, p. 19 18. Die Formen der Vergesellschaftung im Tierreiche. 

 Leipzig, Veit. 



