lyS HUMAN BIOLOGY 



are the Japanese, yet they are about the most virile people 

 of the Far East. 



Extensive and what may be called normal mixture between 

 the negro and various elements of the white race (Egyptians, 

 Arabs, etc.) has taken place in north Africa, from Abyssinia 

 to Morocco and south of the Sahara. In none of these 

 territories is there apparent any degeneration, physical or 

 mental, as a result of the mixture. Mentally the progeny 

 shows a general improvement on the negro, though it does 

 not evidently reach the standard of those who have admixed 

 with him. 



;;; "equality" of RACES 



The sum of the average characters, physical, physiological, 

 and psychological, of a given group of people, whether a 

 family, a nation, or a race, forms the complex standard or 

 general quahty of the group. They involve the normal 

 appearance, behavior, and all other manifestations of the 

 group. 



These standards differ from race to race, and between 

 some races they are very material. Their study has occupied 

 anthropology from its very beginnings, yet they are not 

 yet clearly and completely determined in any group. 

 Which is especially true of the more subtile differences 

 that are difficult of exact evaluation, the foremost among 

 which are those of mentality. 



Due to these defects in our knowledge, it is impossible as 

 yet to exactly weigh the qualities of races and compare them 

 with anything approaching precision. And it is due to this 

 impossibihty that wide differences of opinion as to the 

 equivalence of the races exist and can not easily be settled. 



The general and most deeply ingrained view is that races 

 are no more equal in mentality than they are in physique. 

 This opinion is partly due to egoism and ignorance, partly 

 to more or less subconscious feelings due to accumulated 

 bias and experiences, and only slightly and exceptionally to 

 actual thorough scientific investigation. Aside from the 

 universal "group spirit" of egoism, the matter is greatly 

 complicated by the social, language, religious and habit 

 differences, through economic factors, and by the universal 



