REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST AND BOTANIST. 201 



buds are opening. As many eggs are frequently laid on the trunks, these latter should 

 also be sprayed. 



The Apple Aphis very much resembles superficially the Grain Aphis, and, as both 

 occur together on fall wheat, I have asked Prof. "Williams to prepare for me a simple 

 table of the chief points by which they may be separated. He has very kindly sent me 

 the following, which will answer all purposes : — 



" Aphis mali. Siphonophora avenae. 



1. Antennas shorter than body. 1. Antennas as long or longer than body. 



2. Antennas on very slight frontal tubercles. 2. Antennas borne on distinct frontal tuber- 



cles, which are approximate at base and 

 of moderate size. 



3. Head pointed in front. 3. Head not pointed in front. 



4. Eyes black. 4. Eyes reddish. 



5. Prothorax with lateral tubercles. 5. Prothorax with no lateral tubercles. 



6. Head and thorax black. 6. Head and thorax brown. 



7. Honey tubes not broadened at base. 7. Honey tubes broadened at base. 



"There are, of course, other differences both generic and specific, such as the closely 

 built body and shorter legs and honey tubes of Aphis, and more elongated body, longer 

 and larger honey tubes and style of Siphonophora, as well as differences in wing charac- 

 ters ; but those given above will, I think, serve to separate the insects readily." 



THE CIGAR CASE-BEARER OF THE APPLE. 



(Coleophora Fletcherella, Fernald.) 



Attack. — Small orange-coloured caterpillars with black heads and dark feet, encas- 

 ed in brown leathery cigar-shaped cases which they carry about with them. They 

 attack the leaves of apple, pear and plum trees, by eating a small hole through the 

 epidermis, and then feeding on the parenchyma or soft substance of the leaf, which 

 lies between the upper and lower surfaces, protruding their bodies a long way out i >f 

 the cases, and eating for some distance around the central hole. "When they have con- 

 sumed all they can reach, they move to a fresh place and make another hole. The 

 brown case is very tough and at the upper end is contracted abruptly into a three-limbed 

 star-shaped orifice, the lips of which fit closely together. Through this hole the excre- 

 ment is ejected and ultimately the moth makes its exit. The larvae and the slender 

 dark brown chrysalids are about four millimetres in length ; the case is six millimetres. 

 There is only one brood in the season. The small shining steel-gray moths appear at 

 the end of July and the beginning of August, and lay eggs from which the caterpillars 

 hatch the same season and make about one fourth of their growth before winter sets in. 



The young larvae hatch about a fortnight after the eggs are laid, and, burrowing 

 into the leaf, feed upon the cellular portion for a short time. They then cut clean 

 holes through the leaves by taking oval-shaped pieces of the epidermis from both sur- 

 faces of the leaf above and below, and with these they form their curious cases by join- 

 ing them along the edges. The two surfaces of the leaves are easily recognizable on 

 the cases, from the pubescence of that side which was taken from the lower surface. 

 The cases made by the larvae in the autumn are quite different in shape from those of 

 the full-grown larvae which are found on the leaves in June. The autumn cases in 

 which the winter is passed, are curved or elongated kidney-shaped, with a narrow wing 

 in the curve. These are retained for a short time in spring, and are enlarged by the 

 addition of small pieces of epidermis attached to the orifice. Occasionally, a larva 

 leaves an old case on reviving in spring, and forms a new one at once ; but, as a rule, 

 the old case is detached from its winter resting place, and used for some time. 



The summer cases are cylindrical, tapering slightly to the ends, in fact, very 

 much like a miniature cigar in shape. 



