316 EXPERIMENTAL FARMS. 



For permanent trees the slow growing varieties, such as Green, Red and Black 

 Ash and White Elm, should be interspersed with the others, in time the wood of these 

 varieties will be found valuable. 



The best and so far only perfectly hardy evergreen is the native White Spruce. 



Other conifers that will succeed with some protection are Common Cedar, Larch 

 and Scotch Pine. 



Hedges for Windbreaks. 



Below will be found a list of hedges now growing on this farm ; they are trimmed 

 each year about harvest time to a uniform height and width, this has a tendency to 

 thicken them. 



Ash-leaved Ma])le. — Of this tree about 4,000 feet of double hedge is now being tested, 

 for a comparison, these are planted at different distances apart. It is found that two 

 rows of trees planted alternately 3 feet apart each way makes the most effective wind- 

 break. In height they are now from 6 to 16 feet according to age. 



Ash, Native Green. — Seven hundred and forty feet of this hedge was planted in 

 1891 ; it is a slow grower, but healthy. 



Elm, Native White. — Three hundred and seventy feet planted in 1891, compact 

 growth, good snow collector. 



Spruce, Native White. — Two hundred and fifty feet planted in 1893 ; this is 4 feet 

 high ; handsome all the year round ; quite healthy and decidedly the most promising 

 wind break hedge. 



Populus Bereolensis. — Three hundred and seventy feet planted in 1891, with one 

 year old trees in double rows 4 x 4, it now stands 9 feet high, and is a compact and 

 effective windbreak. 



Cottonwood (Dakota). — Three hundred and seventy feet planted with cuttings in 

 1891, now about 5 feet high, is of more spreading habit than Bereolensis Poplar, and so 

 far not nearly so effective as a windbreak. 



Sharp-leaved Willow. — Three hundred and four feet planted in double rows 4x4, 

 with one year old trees. This is the most exposed of all hedges, but has made fine 

 growth, is quite dense, and is now 8 feet high. 



Black Cherry, Native. — Two hundred feet planted in 1893, with young trees from 

 the bush, this is a free bloomer and very pretty, but runs badly to suckers. 



Caragana arborescens.— Two hundred feet planted in 1893 with one year old trees, 

 now 3 feet high, hardy and ornamental. 



Asiatic Maple, Acer ginnala. — For a low ornamental hedge, this is very promising. 



Avenues. 



There were added 47 ash-leaved maple trees to the avenues last spring, these were 

 planted east and west to connect the two avenues already planted north and south, the 

 trees were selected so as to be uniform in size with those already growing. The sum- 

 mer being unusually dry they made very little growth, but all have apparently become 

 established. The excessive drought of the past two seasons has had very little injurious 

 effect on the avenues on this farm, only four of the 925 maple trees and none of the 

 180 native white spruce have died in the two years. 



The 240 Russian poplars planted in the avenue on the east side of the farm are all 

 making a rapid growth and will add variety to the avenue planting, 1,345 avenue trees 

 are now growing on the farm, and the loss from all causes is only a fraction of one per 

 cent per annum. This success is we believe due almost entirely to persistent, clean 

 cultivation for six feet on each side of the trees : in fence corners where this was 

 neglected the trees have soon died and had to be replaced. 



Avenue trees are planted 20 feet apart, no water is used except for a week or two 

 after planting should very dry weather occur. 



