MICHIGAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 41 



places the enlmiuation of the kst stage of glaciatiou back some 50,000 

 years or more. These figures, while merely approximate, serve to indi- 

 cate in a rude Avay the order of magnitude of the time involved in the 

 changes shown in the history of the (ireat Lakes. 



BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES. 



Space will not permit a complete bibliography of the Great Lakes Re- 

 gion for there are several hnndred titles. A few notes, however, will be 

 jiresented which may serve to put those interested in the subject on 

 the track of the literature. 



A fairlv complete bibliographv of North American Geologv is given 

 in Bulletins 127, 188, 189, 301, 372. and 409 of the United States Geo- 

 logical Survey. These Bulletins are so arranged that it is possible to 

 find many titles under the name of the State or Province, or under cer- 

 tain subjects (as Pleistocene), as well as under an author's name. 



A few students have given especial attention to the features of the 

 Great Lakes, among whom should be mentioned F. B. Taylor, J. W. 

 Spencer, H. L. Faircliild, G. K. Gilbert, Warren Upham, A. C. Lawsoii, 

 W. C. Alden, E. L. Moseley, J. W, Goldthwaite and the present writer. 

 Many others have given incidental attention to lake features in con- 

 nection with other investigation. Tliis is the case with persons Avho 

 have prepared county reports of Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and 

 Minnesota, and district I'eports in Ne\v York, Wisconsin and Ontario. 

 Contributions of this sort have been made bv Charles Whittlesey, M. C. 

 Read, A. A. Wright, J. S. Newberry, N. H. Winchell, and G. K. Gilbert, 

 in the Ohio geology; by W. H. Sherzer, A. C. Lane, W. F. Cooper, W. M. 

 Gregory, and I. C. Russell, in the Michigan reports; by W. S. Blatchley 

 and C. R. Dryer in Indiana reports, and by H. M. Bannister in Illinois 

 reports. The old beaches of the Avestern shore of Lake Michigan have 

 been discussed by Goldthwaite in Bulletins of the Illinois and Wiscon- 

 sin surveys. Early descriptions of tlie beaches of eastern Wisconsin were 

 made bv Chamberlin in the Geolog'v^ of Wisconsin. The beaches of the 

 portion of New York bordering the Erie and Ontario basins have been 

 made a subject of special investigation by Fairchild and have received 

 incidental attention from several other geologists. The beaches in On- 

 tario have been studied extensively by J. W. Spencer and also by Taylor 

 and Goldthwaite, and have received incidental attention of Chalmers, 

 Coleman and other members of the Canadian Survey. 



The ancient shores of the Great Lakes attracted the attention of 

 travellers and explorers in the early part of the 19th century, mention 

 of such features being made by J. J. Bigsby in 1821, by DeWitt Clinton 

 in 1824, and by Featlierstonehaugh in 1831. The beaches on the borders 

 of the Lake Superior basin attracted the attention of the members of 

 the Land Survey and are mapped in many places in districts covered 

 by W. A Burt and Douglas Houghton. Members of the First Geologi- 

 cal Survey of Michigan, notably Bela Hubbard, and C. C. Douglas, 

 gave attention in 1838 to 1840 to the ancient beaches of soutlieastern 

 Michigan and in the vicinity of the Straits of Mackinac; while the old 

 beaches south of Lake Superior received the attention of Agassiz 

 and Desor about 1850. In Schoolcraft's Narrative Journal of Travels 

 6 



