vi PREFACE 



III. Structure of the atom 



1. Atomic orbitals; inert gases 



2. Periodic system of the elements 



IV. Chemical combination 



1. Ion formation 



2. Molecule formation: the covalent 

 bond 



3. Coordinate valence (the dative bond) 



4. Hydrogen bonds 



5. Van der Waals forces 



6. Polar molecules: surface forces, the 

 association of water 



V. Organic molecules 



1. Special position of C, H, N, O 



2. The major groups (hydroxyl, car- 

 bonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, 

 etc.) 



VI. Biomolecules 



1. Sugars, disaccharides, polysaccha- 

 rides 



2. Neutral fats; phospholipids 



3. Amino acids 



4. Nucleotides 



(This entire treatment of molecules, beginning 

 with the discussion of chemical combination, is 

 "morphological." It is conducted entirely in 

 terms of structural formulas. There is rarely an 

 empirical formula in our discussions. The con- 

 struction of three-dimensional models of the 

 molecules in the laboratory is an important ele- 

 ment in this instruction.) 



VII. "The alphabet of organisms" 



1. Four ultimate particles: protons, 

 neutrons, electrons, photons 



2. Seventeen to twenty bioelements: 

 C, H, N, O; S and P; Na+ K+ 

 Ca++, Mg++, Cl~ ; the trace elements, 

 Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Co (I, Mo, B, Al, V) 



3. About 36 key organic molecules: 

 glucose, ribose, deoxyribose, neutral 

 fat, phospholipid, 20 amino acids, 5 

 nucleotides 



VIII. Macromolecules 



1. Proteins 



2. Nucleic acids 



3. Nucleoproteins; viruses; bacterio- 

 phage 



IX. Energetics of chemical reaction 



1 . Thermodynamics : free energy, heat of 

 reaction, entropy 



2. Temperature, molecular activation, 

 and reaction rate 



X. Enzymes and catalysis 



XI. Cellular energetics 



1. Fermentation 



2. Respiration 



3. Hexosemonophosphate (HMP) cycle 



4. Photosynthesis 



5. Chemoautotrophy: the nitrogen cycle 



XII. Organization of the cell, microscopic and 

 ultramicroscopic 



XIII. Mitosis and meiosis 



XIV. Classical genetics 



1. Mendel's laws; linkage and crossing- 

 over; chromosome mapping 



2. Sex determination 



3. Heteroploidy and polyploidy; chro- 

 mosomal balance 



XV. Fine structure genetics 



1. Recombination in bacteriophage 



2. Protein and nucleic acid synthesis and 

 coding 



3. The molecular basis of mutation 



XVI. Embryonic development 



1. Fertilization and cleavage 



2. The early embryo: vertebrate, in- 

 vertebrate, higher plants to seed 

 formation 



3. Differentiation 



a. induction 



b. nuclear changes 



c. nuclear-cytoplasmic relations 



