66 PLANT AND ANIMAL CLASSIFICATION 



Exercises XII and XIII 



4. PHYLUM CHRYSOPHYTA (Gr. chrysos, gold; 

 phyton, plant). The yellow-green algae, the 

 golden-brown algae, and the diatoms. 



5. PHYLUM PYRROPHYTA (Gr. pyrrho, red; phy- 

 ton, plant). The Cryptomonads and dino- 

 flagellates. 



6. PHYLUM PHAEOPHYTA (Gr. pfiaios, dun- 

 colored; phyton, plant). The brown algae; 

 multicellular, often large bodies; large seaweeds 

 such as Fucus. 



1. PHYLUM RHODOPHYTA (Gr. rhodon, rose; 

 phyton, plant). The red algae; multicellular; 

 usually marine; sometimes impregnated with 

 calcium carbonate. 



8. PHYLUM SCHIZOMYCOPHYTA (Gr. scluzein, 

 to cleave; mykes, fungus; phyton, plant). The 

 bacteria. 



9. PHYLUM MYXOMYCOPHYTA (Gr. myxa, 

 mucus; mykes, fungus; phyton, plant). The 

 slime molds. Made up of protoplasm contain- 

 ing many nuclei but without division into dis- 

 tinct cells. Movement is ameboid. 



10. PHYLUM EUMYCOPHYTA (Gr. eu, well, true; 

 mykes, fungus; phyton, plant). The true fungi. 

 This phylum contains the Phycomycetes (bread 

 and leaf molds), the Ascomycetes (yeasts, 

 mildews, cheese molds), the Basidiomycetes 

 (mushrooms, toadstools, and rusts), and the 

 Fungi Imperfecti (fungi which are difficult to 

 classify, such as that causing athlete's foot). 



Subkingdom Embryophyta (Gr. embryon, to 

 swell; phyton, plant). Plants forming embryos. 



11. PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA (Gr. bryon, moss; 

 phyton, plant). No conducting tissue; multi- 

 cellular; terrestrial; alternation of sexual and 

 asexual generations (the prominent plant is the 

 sexual generation, the gametophyte). Mosses, 

 liverworts, and hornworts. 



12. PHYLUM TRACHEOPHYTA (Gr. tracheia, artery: 

 phyton, plant). Vascular plants. 



Subphylum Psilopsida: rootless and leafless 

 vascular plants. 



Subphylum Lycopsida: clubmosses; small 

 green leaves and a simple conducting system. 



Subphylum Sphenopsida: horsetails; jointed 

 stems and scalelike leaves. 



Subphylum Pteropsida: complex conducting 

 systems and large, conspicuous leaves. This 

 subphylum is divided into three major classes: 

 FiUcinae (ferns), Gymnospermae (conifers, 

 cycads, most evergreens and shrubs — no 

 true flowers or ovules present — the seeds are 

 born naked on the surface of the cone scales), 

 and Angiospermae (flowering plants with 

 seeds enclosed in an ovary). The Angio- 

 sperms may be subdivided into the Dicotyle- 

 dons and Monocotyledons. The dicots have 

 embryos with two cotyledons (seed leaves); 

 most flowering plants belong to this sub- 

 class. The grasses, lilies, and orchids, how- 

 ever, are monocots, their embryos having only 

 one seed leaf. 



ANIMAL KINGDOM* 



Ten questions are particularly useful in dis- 

 tinguishing phyla of the animal kingdom: 



(1) Unicellular or multicellular? 



(2) Diploblastic or triploblastic? (Is the 

 body composed of two layers, the ecto- 



* Adapted from M. F. Guyer, Animal Biology, 3rd 

 ed.. Harper Brothers, 1941. 



derm and endoderm, or are there three 

 layers, ectoderm, endoderm, and meso- 

 derm?) 



(3) Body saclike or built on tube-within-a- 

 tube plan? 



(4) True digestive cavity present or absent? 



(5) Segmented or nonsegmented? 



(6) Asymmetry, bilateral symmetry, or radial 

 symmetry? 



