CATAYLSIS: THE GUIDE OF LIFE 137 



38-40° C (100-103° F.) — cattle, sheep, goat, dog, cat, rabbit, pig. 



40-41° C (104-106° F.) — cluck, goose, turkey, owl, pelican, vulture. 



42-43° C (107-109° F.) — fowl, pigeon, quail, sparrow, starling, bluejay. 

 The duckbill (Omithorhynchus paradoxus, a monotreme), and the Australian 

 anteater (Myrmecobius faciatus, a marsupial) represent forms intermediate between 

 the cold- and the warm-blooded animals, their body temperatures averaging only 

 25° C (77° F.), and changing by about 10° C with an environmental change of 30° C. 

 While the terrible consequences to the closely packed prisoners in the Black Hole 

 in Calcutta were originally ascribed to lack of oxygen, it seems likely that lack of 

 cooling in that stagnant atmosphere was a big factor. In hot weather we seek breeze 

 or electric fans to help us cool off by transpiration. On the other hand, sheep and 

 bees huddle together to keep warm, and I have seen "ladybugs" (actually, beetles) 

 gathered together in masses for hibernation. For details and references, see Brody, 

 "Bioenergetics and Growth," Chapter 11. 



16 D. Burk, Internal. Cong. Soil Sci., 1930, 3, 67. 



17 O. Meyerhof, Pfliiger's Archiv. (1916) 164, 353. 

 is Growth (1940) 4, 77. 



™Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. (1944) 45, 409-423. 



20 "Dynamic State of Body Constituents," 1942. 



21 In an address before the British Association for the Advancement of Science 

 at Glasgow, 1928 (Smithsonian Report, 1929, pp. 309-321) . 



22 "Colloid Chemistry," Vol. V, pp. 883-900, Reinhold Pub. Corp., 1945. 



23 "Bioenergetics and Growth," p. 111. 



24 F. Lipmann, Advances in Enzymology (1941) 1, 99; C. F. and G. T. Cori, Ann. 

 Rev. Biochem. (1941), 10, 151; J. C. Sowden and H. O. L. Fischer, ibid. (1942), 11, 

 203; O. Meyerhof, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. (1941), 3, 239; H. M. 

 Kalkar, Biol. Rev. (1942), 17, 28. 



2 5C + 2 =C0 2 +94 Cal* 

 H 2 -£0 2 =H 2 0+68Cal 

 S+ lJ0 2 +H 2 0=:H 2 S0 4 +142Cal 



NH 3 +1^0 2 r=HN0 2 +H 2 + 79 Cal (Nitromosas, nitrite producer) 

 HN0 2 +i0 2 =HN0 3 +21 Cal (Nitrobacter, nitrate producer) 

 * The large Calorie (Cal or Real) is the amount of heat necessary to raise the 

 temperature of one kilogram of water 1° C. The small calorie (cal) is one thousandth 

 of a Cal. 



26 Alexander, /. Am. Chem. Soc, 43, 434 (1920). 



27 Enzymologica, 9, 193 (1941). 

 28Ipatieff, V. N., Science, 91, 605 (1940). 



29 To illustrate the importance of the carrier, it may be mentioned that Adkins, 

 Richards and Davis found marked carrier effects in the catalytic dehydrogenation 

 of hydromatic compounds containing a completely or partially saturated benzene, 

 naphthalene or phenanthracene nucleus. In the case of decahydronaphthalene, the 

 yields of naphthalene varied not only with the catalyst but also with the carrier. 



% yield of naphthalene 

 Catalyst from decahydronaphthalene 



Pt. on charcoal 87 



Ni on charcoal 34 



Ni on chromium oxide 78 



Ni on kieselguhr 62 



Ni on Alumina I 



Ni on Alumina II 11 



Ni on Alumina III 



Ni on Alumina IV 36 



