i68 PLANT HYBRIDIZATION BEFORE MENDEL 



pollination. On May 20, 1837, this memoir received the prize, 

 and was later (April 20, 1839) published in revised and extended 

 form, together with an extensive list of the experimental material, 

 and with the obtained results arranged in tabulated form. 



An idea of the amount of labor expended by Gartner during 

 the twenty-five years of his hybridization experiments may be 

 gathered by the statement that he carried out nearly ten thousand 

 separate experiments in crossing, among seven hundred species, 

 belonging to eighty different genera of plants, and obtained in 

 all some three hundred and hfty different hybrid plants, as the 

 total result. 



Among the prominent genera worked with were Althaea, An- 

 tirrhinum., Aquilegia, Avena, Datura, Delphinium, Dianthus, Digi- 

 talis, Fuchsia, Gladiolus, Hypericum, Lobelia, Lychnis, Malva, 

 Matthiola, Nicotiana, Oenothera, Papaver, Primula, Ribes, Ver- 

 bascum, and Zea. 



Number of 

 Number of attempted Number of 



107 1332 366 



Gartner undertook to classify hybrids for convenience into three 

 types: (1) intermediate, (2) commingled, and (3) definite. The 

 first included those in which "a complete balance occurred of both 

 fertilizing materials, in respect to either mass or activity." (2f, 



P- 277-) ^ 



Commingled types are those in which 



". . . now this, now that part of the hybrid approaches more to the 

 maternal or to the paternal form, whereby, however, the characters of 

 the parents, in their transference to the new organism, never go over 

 pure, but in which the parental characters always suffer a certain modi- 

 fication." {ib., p. 282.) 



Under the third class of hybrids, Gartner places those 



