174 PLANT HYBRIDIZATION BEFORE MENDEL 



nearly approaches to a conclusion in this regard, is found on 

 p. 326, as follows : 



"The above-mentioned change in color of the seeds of Pisum sativum 

 through hybrid fertilization comes out in the second generation more 

 definitely and more decidedly than in the first immediate hybrid product 

 through the immediate influence of the foreign pollen, whereby a quite 

 similar relation as in Mays and other seeds is produced." (p. 326.) 



Again (3f, p. 496), speaking of the "running out" of certain 



Leguminosae^ he says : 



"Already above [p. 82], several varieties of Pisum have been under 

 discussion and exact experiments have been reported, whereby it has 

 been demonstrated that, through fertilization, such an alteration in the 

 seeds is effected, that in the plants deviations from the previous condi- 

 tion come to light." 



Gartner's most general statement, however, regarding the sec- 

 ond hybrid generation appears to be as follows (z^., p. 422) : 



"In many fertile hybrids, this alteration in the second and further 

 generations affects not only the flowers, but also the entire habit, even 

 to the exclusion of the flowers, whereby the majority of the individuals 

 of a single breeding ordinarily retain the form of the hybrid mother, a 

 few others here become more like the stem-father." 



Concerning the influence of foreign pollen upon the immediate 

 form and color of the hybrid seed, Gartner reports further upon 

 his experiments with Zea mays. Having maintained constant a 

 Zea mays nana strain with yellow seeds and a Zea mays major 

 strain with red-striped seeds, in cultivation in his garden for sev- 

 eral years, in 1825, he crossed thirteen ears of the yellow with 

 pollen of the red-striped strain, from which but a single ear with 

 five seeds developed. 



"The five perfect seeds were neither in size or color in the least dif- 

 ferent from those of the mother, so that immediately after the com- 

 pleted ripening of the seeds, it appeared doubtful whether really a 

 hybrid fertilization had taken place with them ; the germination in the 

 following year, however, . . . placed the hybrid fertilization of the 

 plants obtained in a clear light ; so that it proceeds uncontradictably 

 therefrom, that with Zea mays the pollen of an otherwise colored species 

 or variety only changes the nature of the embryo, not, however, the 

 external quality and color of the seeds." {ib., p. 88.) 



Gartner, of course, was unable to distinguish between the be- 

 havior of endosperm and pericarp color in maize crosses. 



His investigations on color-inheritance in the seeds of Indian 

 corn, were induced by the facts of color-inheritance in the seeds 

 of peas. He states : 



