LIFE IN TERTIARY TIMES 



313 



causes the antiquity of these fundamental groups to recede 

 far back into the past (p. 321). 



The colossal Arsinoetheriwn, larger than a rhinoceros, had 

 the complete dentition of the herbivores. On its nose there 

 rose two enormous bony horns, no doubt clothed in a sheath 

 like those of Oxen, and behind which two smaller horns 

 appeared. 



In the Neogene Epoch the fauna of Europe, Africa, and Asia 

 tended to acquire sufficient homogeneity to permit the whole 

 of the regions in which it is distributed to be called Arctogean. 

 In France the oldest specimens of this fauna are found at 

 Saint-Gerand-le-Puy, in the department of the Allier, and it is 

 also seen at Ulm in Germany, where it belongs to the 

 Aquitanian. Anthracotherium, so frequent during the 

 preceding period, now persisted only in India. It was 

 replaced by Brachyodus, associated with a species of Tapir, 1 

 two genera related to the Rhinoceros, 2 a genus of Pig, 3 

 two genera of Ruminants, 4 and above all with numerous 

 Ccenotheria. All these types appear to have evolved in the 

 locality in which they were found. The fauna of the sands of the 

 Orleanais, 5 which is a little older, was enriched by a genus of 

 Chevrotain, Hycemoschiis, which still survives. But as these 

 animals are less advanced than the Ruminants with complete 

 cannon-bones, which existed already, they must date back still 

 further. Palceomeryx and Dicrocerus have taken the place of 

 Dremotherium and Amphitraguhis. To these autochthonous 

 types we may add the Mastodonts and Dinotherium , which no 

 doubt came from Africa, since their ancestors have been 

 discovered in the Fayum ; two new types of Rhinoceros, 6 

 two genera of Pigs, 7 a new Cervulus, 8 and finally an Anthropoid 

 Ape, sprung, undoubtedly, from the anthropoid genus of 

 the Fayum, Pliopithecus. America, where the Horse type was 

 rapidly evolving, contributed Anchitherium. 



At Sansans in Gers, at Grive-Saint-Alban and Saint-Gaudens 

 in France, at Erbiswalden and respectively at Simorre and 

 Montebambili, 9 the first Felidas now appear, as well as the 

 Porcupines which came from South America by way of Africa 



1 Paratapirus. 



3 Pal<xochoerus. 



5 Burdigalian. 



7 Choerotherium, Listriodon. 



9 Vindobonian. 



2 Aceratherium, Diceratherium. 

 4 Dremotherium, Amphitragulus. 

 8 Teleoceras, Ceratorhinus. 

 8 Micromeryx. 



