LIFE IN TERTIARY TIMES 315 



small horns in the male. Orycteropus, the Hyracidse, and a 

 Rhinoceros (Atelodus) had also come from Africa, but we have 

 seen that the Orycteropidas already existed in South America 

 throughout the preceding period. The African migration 

 was completed by the arrival of the tailed Monkey, 

 Mesopithecus, which added two genera to the anthropomorphs, 

 Dryopithecus and the Anthropodus. At the same time 

 Hipparion and the Hare crossed from North America to 

 Europe by way of Asia. 



The series of Neogene fauna came to an end in France with 

 that of the Pliocene of Montpelier and Perpignan. It was not 

 quite so rich in precedent forms as some that had gone before, 

 but it had been reinforced by an African Pig, Potamochcerus, 

 a Macacus, and a new type of Mammal, Ruscinomys. A 

 Hippopotamus 1 had come from Asia, as also some of the 

 present Cervidas, Axis, and the Fallow Deer, accompanied by 

 another of the genus Polycladus. From Asia, too, came the 

 Raccoons, although they were emigrants from North America 

 and made their way over an isthmus at the site of the 

 present Behring Straits, and no longer by way of the North 

 Atlantic continent already described. Among the Rodents 

 we also observe the Vole. 



At the same time a fauna analogous to that of Pikermi 

 existed in Persia. The richest fauna of Asia, however, was that 

 whose elements had been brought to the foot of the Himalayan 

 chain by streams that descended its slopes, and which 

 formed the Siwalik Hills. Machoerodus, in company with 

 smaller Felidae, JEluropsis and JElurogale, still hunted 

 Strepsiceros , Deer properly so-called, as well as Antelopes, 

 Goats, Bison, and Oxen. Many species of Dinotherium and 

 Mastodons flourished ; a Chimpanzee, a Semnopithecus, a 

 Cynocephalus, and a Baboon bear witness to the great variety 

 of Monkeys at this epoch. To this fauna belong also 

 Brahmatherium, Vishnutherium, and later on Sivatherhim and 

 Hydaspitherimn, all large-horned Giraffes. 



South America, now separated from North America, was 

 behind the other continents. In the Lower Neogene Period 

 the Paucituberculata still lived there, as well as Typotherium, 

 along with the Marsupials properly so-called, the Sparasso- 

 donts, Toxodonts, and the Amblypods (Astrapotherium) , 



1 Tetraprolodon. 



