316 



Comparative Evolution of Biomes 



intermediate connectivci 

 mesal brush on pyqofer 



recurved and crossed 

 aedeagal processes 



punctifrons-P 

 snowi -N 

 omericano-N 

 major-N 



opacipenms-P 



salsolae-P 



arcuata-N 



anden-P 



quadripunctata-H 



binotato-P 



clavoto-N 



curvata-N 



alpina-P 



fascifrons-N 



cristafa-H 



jussiaeae-N 



sexnotata-P 



laevis-H 



chobouti-P 



obsoleta-N 



bifurcata-N 



boreolis-N 



ramosa-P 



quadripunctulata-P 



potoria-N 



slos5oni-N 



sallna-H 



forficulo-P 



skalkaliiensis-N 



livida-P 



fieberi-H 



viridigriseo-P 



frontalis-P 



cyone-P 



septemnotata-P 



scollata-P 



empetri -P 



maculosa -P 



osborni-N 



divisa-N 



elongato-N 



fiorvathi-P 



lepida-N 



urIicae-N 



variato-H 



Fig. 139. Phylogenetic tree of the leafhopper genus Macrosteles. Black circles 

 indicate the minimum number of intercontinental dispersals between Asia and 

 North America necessary to explain the present distribution. H indicates hol- 

 arctic; N indicates nearctic; P indicates palearctic. (After Moore and l\oss.) 



