196 THE CASE AGAINST EVOLUTION 



with the bodies of irrational vertebrates. To institute the 

 requisite comparison between the rational mentality of man 

 and the purely sentient consciousness of irrational animals 

 falls within the exclusive competence of psychology, which 

 studies the internal manifestations of life as they are presented 

 to the intuition of consciousness, rather than biology, which 

 studies life according to such of its manifestations as are per- 

 ceptible to the external senses. Hence it is within the domain 

 of psychology alone, that man can be studied on his distinc- 

 tively human, or rational, side, and it is to this science, accord- 

 ingly, that we must turn in our search for facts that are 

 germane to the problem of the origin of man and the genesis of 

 the human mind. How little, indeed, does he know of human 

 nature, whose knowledge of it is confined to man's insignificant 

 anatomy and biology, and who knows nothing of the triumphs 

 of human genius in literature, art, science, architecture, music, 

 and a thousand other fields! Psychology alone can evaluate 

 these marvels, and no other science can be of like assistance 

 in solving the problem of whether man is, or is not, unique 

 among all his fellows of the animal kingdom. 



§ 2. The Science of the Soul 



As a distinct science, psychology owes its origin to Aristotle, 

 whose ^'PeH Psyches^' is, in all probability, the first formal 

 treatise on the subject. Through his father, Nichomachus, who 

 was court physician to Philip of Macedon, he became ac- 

 quainted, at an early age, with biological lore in the form of 

 such medical botany, anatomy, and physiology as were com- 

 monly known in prescientific days. Subsequently, his cel- 

 ebrated pupil, Alexander the Great, placed at his disposal 

 a vast library, together with extensive opportunities for bio- 

 logical research. This enabled the philosopher to criticize and 

 summarize the observations and speculations of his predeces- 

 sors in the field, and to improve upon them by means of per- 

 sonal reflection and research. In writing his psychology, he 

 was naturally forced to proceed on the basis of the facts dis- 



