THE ORIGIN OF THE HUMAN SOUL 235 



ideals is antagonized by the sensual impulses of the animal 

 appetite, which seek immediate gratification at the expense 

 of remote considerations that are higher. Such antagonism 

 is incompatible with any identification of the warring factors, 

 that is, of our rational, with our sentient, functions; for, wher- 

 ever opposition is in evidence, there a fortiori a real distinction 

 must be recognized. The understanding and the will, there- 

 fore, differ radically from sense and sensual appetite. The 

 second significant fact is the domination exerted by reason 

 and will over the cognitive and appetitive functions of the 

 organic or sentient order. Our intellect criticizes, evaluates 

 and corrects the data of sense-perception, it discriminates be- 

 tween objective percepts and illusions and hallucinations, it 

 distinguishes dreams from realities, it associates and dissoci- 

 ates imagery for purposes of comparison, contrast, illustration, 

 or analysis. Moreover, it not only shows its superiority to 

 sense by supervising, revising, and appraising the data of 

 sentient experience, but it manifests its discontent at the inac- 

 curacy and limitation of sense by the invention and use of 

 instrumentation {e.g. ear trumpets, spectacles, microscopes, 

 telescopes, spectroscopes, polariscopes, periscopes, etc.) to rem- 

 edy the defects or increase the range of sense-perception, etc. 

 This phenomenon is without parallel among brute animals, and 

 is a patent manifestation of the superiority of human psy- 

 chology. In like manner, the will demonstrates its preemi- 

 nence over the organic or animal appetite, by exerting supreme 

 control over the passions and impulses of our lower nature. 

 In fact, it is able to bridle and repress the impulses of sensu- 

 ality even in the immediate presence of sensible stimuli that 

 would irresistibly determine the brute to a gratification of its 

 animal lusts ; and it can force the struggling and reluctant flesh 

 to undergo a crucifixion for supersensible motives that make 

 no appeal to the beast. The understanding and the will, there- 

 fore, are essentially superior to the organic psychosis that 

 they control, namely, the sentient consciousness and sensual 

 appetite, which we share in common with the brute, but which. 



